EUCALYPTUS 



Abbot Kinney 



AUTHOR OF 



Conquest of Death," " Tasks by Twilight," " Under the Shadow of the Dragon, 

''Money," " Protection vs. Free Trade," "Australian Ballot," 

" Forestry," Etc. 




ILLUSTRATED 






uu 






E. R. BAUMGARDT & CO. 

LOS ANGELES, CAL. 

1895. 



\ 



Copyrighted 1895. 









/ 






FOREWORD. 

The planting of trees of various species of Eucalyptus 
in California has been carried on since January, 1856, 
when Mr. C. L. Reimer successfully introduced 14 species. 
During all this time neither nurserymen nor the general 
public have had any work on this genus by which they 
could identify the various species. Everything depended 
on the seedsmen primarily and in a secondary way on 
the accuracy of the records of planters. From mistake 
in both these respects the greatest confusion and uncer- 
tainty has arisen. Of the large number of useful species 
introduced into California but three or four are certainly 
and generally known today. The botanical works cover- 
ing this genus are inaccessible to the public on account 
of their great cost. There are only three copies of the 
Eucalyptographia and two of Bentham's books in this 
State, as far as I know. The importance of this genus 
as producers of kino, oils, timber and fuel, for ornament 
and the reclamation of waste places and for the probable 
sanitary effects of several of the species together with 
the rapidity of growth of nearly all and the remarkable 
adaptability to the major portion of California makes a 
means of identification a want that should be supplied. 
-fj Baron Ferdinand Von Mueller has, in the broad spirit 
of a true scientific man, given me the use of his great 
work on this genus, even to copying the plates. 



Jl* 



FORE WORD. 

I have taken advantage of the courtesy of this distin- 
guished man but the cost of using the plates would have 
defeated the main object I had in view, which is to make 
the knowledge of the Eucalyptus accessible to the largest 
possible number of enquirers. 

I have also received very valuable aid from Mr. J. 
Ednie Brown, the prominent Australian Forester and 
botanist, and from Mr. Walter Gill, the present Forest 
Conservator of South Australia. The fine forest work in 
this colony under Messrs. Brown and Gill offers a wide 
field of knowledge to Eucalyptus planters. 

Prof. A. J. McClatchie, of the Throop Polytechnic 
Institute of Pasadena, Cal., has given me specially valuable 
assistance, and I take pleasure in speaking of the import- 
ant aid he has rendered in this work. 

To many others I am much indebted for aid and infor- 
mation. Amongst them I may mention Hon. Thos. F. 
Bayard, now our ambassador to Great Britain, E. M. Shel- 
ton, Instructor in Argiculture, Queensland, Messrs. Scharf 
and Shorting, Pasadena, to Mr. Geo. S. Davis, publisher of 
the Bulletin of Pharmacy, Detroit, Mich., and to Prof. Tom- 
masi Crudelei. Prof. J. H. Maiden, of Sydney, who is the 
authority on the chemistry of the Eucalyptus, has given 
me important help in various directions. Prof. B. E. Fer- 
non, Chief of the Division of Forestry at Washington, has 
given me aid and comfort. The Rev. G. Montgomery, 
Bishop of Monterey and Los Angeles, assisted me in ob- 
taining the original data of the Tre Fontane experiments 
for which I owe him much. Prof. S. M. Woodbridge, Ph. 
D., Hon. El wood Cooper, Mrs. Jennie C. Carr, together 
with many more have rendered me valuable assistance. 
Both our own Federal and all foreign officials appealed to 



FORE WORD. 

have gone to much trouble and pains to promote my work. 
Two Secretaries of State, one Secretary of the Interior and 
several scientific men of the Department of Agriculture 
have, by their kindly help, demonstrated the public spirit 
of our high officers. It is difficult for a reader of this book 
to appreciate what this help has been. Sometimes two or 
three words in a line will represent voluminous and pro- 
longed correspondence. Sometimes the result of a year's 
investigation is to leave some statement out entirely. 

This work is arranged in two divisions. The first con- 
tains a popular account of the species of Eucalyptus intro- 
duced into California as far as known. The location of 
illustrative specimens is in each case indicated so that en- 
quirers may readily see for themselves what the tree looks 
like. The second division will contain the special exam- 
ination of points of interest in this genus including 
methods of planting, timber strength, the oils and kinos, 
the medicinal value, the sanitary influence, vernacular 
names and lists of species suited to different conditions of 
soil and climate. This division will also contain a con- 
densed botanic description of all the species of Eucalyptus 
described by Baron Von Mueller and taken from his great 
work. A few notes regarding varieties and points noted 
in California will be added to this. To facilitate the use 
of these botanic descriptions there will be a key and an 
illustration of the typical anthers, magnified sixty times, 
prepared by Prof. McClatchie, of the four classes estab- 
lished by Von Mueller. I believe that the key, plate and 
descriptions will enable any intelligent person to identify 
the leading species of Eucalyptus. To complete this part 
of the plan there will be a botanic glossary. 



EUCALYPTUS. 



GENERAL POINTS. 



The Eucalyptus is a genus of hard wood, evergreen 
trees and shrubs. It belongs to the order Myrtaceae 
and to the tribe Leptospermeae. The name was suggested 
by the lid or cap-like covering over the immature flower. 
It is from the Greek and may be translated "well hidden." 
This genus was discovered and described first by I/Heritier, 
in 1788; who based it on the species "obliqua." The 
blue gum was discovered ten years later by Eabilliardiere, 
who described Eucalyptus cornuta at the same time. In 
1806 Eabilliardiere described two other of the more valuable 
species, viz: Eucalyptus viminalis and Eucalyptus amygdalina. 
It is said that so large were the trees of the blue gum first 
seen by Labilliardiere in Tasmania, that he could ascertain 
that they were in flower only by his telescope. The flowers 
were brought down after prolonged firing at the upper 
branches with guns. Labilliardiere says in his own notes 
that he obtained the flowers and fruit by chopping down 
a tree. 

The genus just escaped being called Aromandendrum. 
This name was given by Dr. Wm. Anderson, who des- 
cribed it independently when with Cook's second voyage 



io EUCAL YPTUS. 

of discovery. Baron Von Mueller, coming into this field 
late, has described and named more species than any one 
person; in fact he is now the recognized authority on 
this genus. Anyone desiring to study the Eucalyptus 
should by all means procure Baron Ferdinand Von Mueller's 
Eucalyptographia, together with his other numerous works 
on the genus. Bentham's Flora Australiensis is reliable. 
The splendid work commenced by J. Ednie Brown on the 
Forest Flora of South Australia is in folio size and con- 
tains colored plates of each tree described. This work 
unfortunately was never finished. Prof. J. H. Maiden's 
"useful native plants of Australia" contains valuable infor- 
mation on the kinos, oils and timbers of the genus. Many 
valuable and interesting articles on the Eucalyptus are scat- 
tered about in scientific journals or in monographs practically 
inaccessible to us in California. Bentham's and Von Muel- 
ler's works are expensive. Most of the popular and many 
of the scientific monographs on these valuable trees and 
their products are out of print, and a considerable percent- 
age are in French, and a few in Italian and Spanish. It 
seems useful, therefore, to bring some of this scattered in- 
formation together in this work. To it I have added our 
Californian experiences. Indeed, it is especially to furnish 
a popular statement of facts for Californian use that I have 
undertaken this monograph on the Eucalyptus. 

The first great acclimatizer and .Eucalyptus missionary 
was M. P. Ramel. This gentleman was so struck with 
the extraordinary qualities of this genus while at Mel- 
bourne, in 1854, that he started a crusade in its favor. 
Planchon calls Von Mueller the prophet and Ramel the 
apostle of the Eucalyptus. The first Eucalyptus tree 
known to have grown outdoors in Europe is said to have 



EUCALYPTUS. u 

been planted at Hyeres, in the South of France, in 1857. 
In 1875 this tree was 20 metres high, the trunk 1 metre 
from the soil was 2 metres 10 centimetres in circumference. 

Certainly Ramel's enthusiasm for the Eucalyptus is well 
justified. 

The highest monument in Europe, for instance, is 460 
feet high, while the tallest Eucalyptus is 480 feet high. 

Eucalyptus trees had, even in 1854, been planted by 
different gardeners in Europe, and at least one, by M. 
Hardy, in Algiers; but he did not know the tree until 
1863, two years after the Hamma and Cordier plantations 
in that African province. 

It was first called Eucalyptus glauca in Europe (Euca- 
lyptus globulus) when grown from seed. 

The Eucalyptus was introduced into this State in 1856. 
Hon. Ell wood Cooper, of Santa Barbara, has been prob- 
ably the most active agent in bringing Californians to 
a knowledge of the Eucalyptus. Col. Warren of the Cali- 
fornia Farmer, Mrs. Jeanne C. Carr and General Stratton 
were also very active and enthusiastic as apostles of these 
trees on the Pacific Coast. It seems indeed regrettable 
that the work of Prof, and Mrs. Carr, at and about our 
University, in planting should be today so little available 
through the loss of the records. 

The genus contains about 150 species, rather less than 
more, and the number is still not fully settled. This is 
on account of the doubt of the specific value of some now 
ranked as varieties and of others now ranked as species, 
and also on account of the incomplete study of the 
tropic flora of Australia, New Guinea, Timor and 
the Moluccas. If we consider the island of Tasmania as 
a part of Australia there are about five species of Euca- 



12 EUCALYPTUS. 

lyptus found outside of that continent and all of these in 
the adjacent islands of New Guinea and Timor, and one 
only in the Moluccas. There is not a single species found 
in New Zealand. It seems indeed strange that the most 
adaptable of all forest trees to the semi-tropic world belt 
should be derived from so confined a genus. Besides this 
the most friendly to new conditions of all its species is 
one naturally limited to the damp gorges of Tasmania and 
Victoria. At least twenty important species of Eucalyptus 
have a wider Australian range than Eucalyptus globulus 
or the common blue gum. Still it is the blue gum that 
has been found thus far the best suited as a tree for other 
countries and wide ranges of soil - and moisture. In Cali- 
fornia when any one speaks of Eucalyptus trees in a gen- 
eral way the blue gum is meant. By this we may judge 
how completely our Eucalyptus plantations are dominated 
by this species. 

The blue gum is a remarkable tree. It is about third 
as to height in the genus, being surpassed only by E. 
amygdalina and Eucalyptus di versicolor. The tallest blue 
gum measured was found in Tasmania and was 330 feet in 
height. Numbers have been measured over 250 feet, and 
a height of even 400 feet is claimed for it. In this matter 
of height measurement Von Mueller calls attention to the 
fact that extreme height in the Eucalyptus is due to long 
slim branches reaching skyward. In this respect it is quite 
different from the great stems of timber of our pines and 
Sequoias which have only very short vertical branches. 
Those of an ultra patriotic humor ma}' still claim that for 
tree height of solid stem and for cubic wood contents our 
Sequoias lead the world. In dry, open plains it is not 
likely that blue gums will grow to be very tall. In fact 



EUCALYPTUS. 13 

there are few in California over 150 feet high. If, however, 
some were planted in any of the burned and desolated 
redwood coast canyons of California where the conditions 
of moisture and exposure are similar to those in its native 
haunts we might reasonably expect to see blue gum trees 
eventually as tall as any in Australia. In its native haunts 
the blue gum is often, nay, generally, exposed to light 
frosts. Some very observant planters in the warmer parts 
of New South Wales state that the Eucalyptus globulus is 
never a long lived and really successful tree unless subjec- 
ted to occasional nipping airs. Other authorities, however 
claim successful experiments in tropical highlands with this 
species, locations probably free from frost. But such reports 
are only made from tropical sections wdth a heavy rainfall. 
The tree has failed in Arizona and Texas. But, in those 
places, its failure is due, doubtless, to excessive frost on the 
one hand, and prolonged excessive heat on the other. 

Mr. J. Ednie Brown and Mr. Walter Gill both found 
the blue gum unsuited to their interior plains (South Aus- 
tralia) generally similar in dryness and heat to our interior 
valleys. We have fully confirmed their experience except 
where the subsoil is moist. 

In Arizona even this condition fails, apparently, to 
reconcile them to the prolonged heats of that section. 

In Australia Eucalyptus leucoxylon, Eucalyptus corynoc- 
alyx and Eucalyptus polyanthema seem specially suited to 
sections too dry for the blue gum, and Eucalyptus rostrata 
for air too dry and hot and frosts too severe. 

The blue gum is the fastest growing tree in the world. 
There are, indeed, trees that for a short time, or under 
special conditions, grow as fast as the blue gum. In fact 
in the damp Vitorian gorges the variety regnans of 



i 4 EUCALYPTUS. 

Eucalyptus amygdalina is reported to grow faster than any 
wood-making plant. Nothing in our experience with 
regnans shows it to be a fast growing plant. So also, in 
experiments at and near Santa Monica we have found 
several species growing for a short time in that situation 
as fast as the blue gum. Of these experiments we 
may mention a Eucalyptus viminalis (Manna-gum) that, 
nineteen months from the seed, and fourteen months from 
the transplanting, without cultivation, on a side hill, grew 
fourteen feet six and three-fourths inches. 'A Eucalyptus 
corynocalyx (sugar gum) of the same age and in the same 
place grew only one-fourth of an inch less. I have seen 
an E. Gunnii for the first two or three years, grow faster 
than a blue gum by its side. But taking dry and wet 
canyon and plain the blue gum will exceed in growth any 
tree in the long run. 

Some of the records are as follows : 

GROWTH OF E. GLOBULUS. 

Malaga. Spain, 6 yrs. ------- 65 feet 

Nielgherry hills, India, 18 mos. from seed, 20to25 feet 
Eago Maggiore, Italy, 9 years, - - - - 60 feet 

Nice, France, 5 years, 50 feet 

Kinneloa, California, 8 years, ----- 71 feet 

Experimental plantation of trees reported on by J. Ednie 
Brown, Conservator of Forests, S. Australia, showing com- 
parative rate of growth of different trees similarly situated. 



EUCALYPTUS. 



15 



Plantation C. 
Height, Age and Girth of Trees. 



Date of 
Plant- 
ing 



1880 



iss, 



Pinis insignis 

" pinaster 

" halepensis 

Eucalyptus globulus 

" longifolia 

" oblique (Tasmanian Stringybark) 

" diversicolor (karri) 

" siderophloia (Ironbark) 

Melia azedarach 

Eucalyptus cornuta 

" obliqua (South Australian Strtngybark) 
Pinus insignis 

^Eucalyptus globulus 

" longifolia 

" siderophloia 

" obliqua (South Australian Stringybark) 

" corynocalyx 

" cornuta 

fCatalpa speciosa 

|Fraxinus Americana 

|| Walnut 

Wattles (Acacia pycnantha) 

" (small tree measurements) 

Cupressus sempervirens 



Age 


Height 


years 


ft. in. 


6 


40 


6 


30 


6 


33 8 


6 


17 


6 


15 


6 


42 


6 


25 


6 


22 8 


6 


27 


6 


33 6 


6 


18 


6 


14 10 


6 


30 


6 


23 8 


6 


26 


6 


27 6 


6 


45 


6 


45 


6 


47 


6 


60 


6 


58 


6 


35 


6 


35 6 


6 


37 


6 


24 


6 


30 


6 


20 6 


6 


20 


6 


22 


6 


26 


6 


29 6 


6 


30 


6 


25 8 


6 


23 3 


6 


23 


6 




6 


25 6 


6 


25 


6 


21 8 


6 


24 6 


S 


20 


8 


24 


5 


16 


5 


18 


5 


19 


5 


15 


5 


12 


5 


12 


5 


12 


5 


12 


6 


24 


6 


22 



Girth 2 
ft. from 
ground 



ft. in. 

2 4 



I "2 

I 10 

I 10 

O 10 

o 10 

9 

1 2 



1 6 
1 5 
1 5 
1 6 
1 10 



9 
6 

5 

7 



* Numbers averaging 40ft., and girthing from ift. 6in. to 2ft. 3m t Averaging 

20ft. and ift. girth in best land. I Averaging 20ft. and 15m. in moist land, 

leveraging 20ft. and isin. in girth, and in good bearing. 



Measurements taken September 1st, 1886. 



i6 



EUCAL YPTUS. 



Plantation E. 
Height, Age and Girth of Trees. 



Date of 
Plant- 
ing 



SS2 



Name of Tree 



* Eucalyptus viminalis 

Eucalyptus globulus 

Eucalyptus corynocalyx 

Pinus maritima or pinaster 
fPinus insignis 

J Pinus maritima 



Age 



years 

5 
5 

5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 



Height 



ft. in. 

27 o 
30 o 

40 o 

41 o 

28 o 
27 o 
II o 
14 o 
25 o 

24 o 

25 o 
24 6 



Girth 
at 2ft. 
Height 



ft. in. 

1 1 

1 o 

1 6 

2 o 

1 5 

1 2 

9 

1 o 

1 4 

1 4 



♦Numbers of these 20ft. in height. fA great number from 17ft. to 20ft. high. 

Measurement taken August 31st, 1886. Height. 



//eight, Age and Girth of Trees at White Park. 



Date of 
Plant- 
ing 



1883 



1885 



Name of Tree 



Plantation G 

Pinus radiata 

" maritima 

" insignis 

Eucalyptus viminalis 

globulus 

leucoxylon 

corynocalyx 

gomphocephala 

Plantation I 

Quercus peduuculata 

Catalpa speciosa 

Populus fastigita 

Ulmus suberosa 

Eucalyptus leucoxylon 

corynocalyn 

■' viminalis 

Pinus insignis 

" maritima 

Plantation J 

Eucalyptus corynocalyx 

viminalis 







Girth 


Age 


Height 


2ft. 

Height 


years 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


3 


17 


1 1 


3 


7 


7 


3 


16 


1 2 


3 


26 


2 


3 


20 


1 1 


3 


19 


1 11 


3 


17 


1 


3 


17 


1 1 


2 


7 


5 


2 


6 


4 


2 


12 


6 


2 


9 


4 


2 


9 


7 


2 


13 


11 


2 


11 


7 


2 


8 


7 


2 


3t04 




1 


7 


4 


1 


4to5 





ECCALYPTUS. 



n 



Experimental plantation of trees at Santa Monica made 
by W. S. Lyon, Forester to the California State Board of 
Forestry. 



Tract A. 


Tract B. 


Best. 


Aver- 
age. 


Best 


Aver- 
age. 



1. Eucalyptus polyanthema (Many- 

Flowered Gum) 

2. Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian 

BUie Gum 

3. Eucalyptus cornuta 



4. Eucalyptus obliqua (Stringy Bark 

or Messmate 

5. Eucalyptus leucoxylon (Victorian 

Iron Bark 



6. Eucalyptus rostrata (Red Gum).... 

7. Eucalyptus corynocalyx (Sugar 

Gum) 

8. Eucalyptus viminalis (Manna 

Gum) 

9. Eccalyptus Stuartiana ( A p p 1 e- 

Scented Gum) 

10. Acacia mollissima (Soft Leaf 

Wattle) 

11. Acacia pycnantha (Golden Wat- 

tle) 

12. Acacia melanoxylon (Blackwood).. 



9.6 

4.6 



6 

6 6 
6.6 
6 
3 6 



5-6 
46 



5-6 
5-6 
4 6 
5 
3 



46 



5 6 
5-6 



5-6 



3 6 j Growth 

in B small but thrifty. 
None planted in B 

4 Sent out last year 

as the "Tooart Gum," 
remarkably thrifty in 
both plantations. 

Moribund in 1!. 

Lacks good color in A. 

Richer, better 

color in the iron soil. 

..Not planted in A. 



4.6 



Not planted in B. 

4 6 "Off" color in B. 

Not planted in B. 



Not planted in B. 

Strongly 

vigorous in both. 
Sickly in A. Dead in B. 



Analysis of Soil in Tracts. 



Tract B. 



Insoluble matter 

Soluble silica 

Potash (K..O) 

Soda (N.,6) 

Lime (CaO) 

Magnesia (MgO) 

Br. ox. manganese (Mr 2 4 
Peroxide ot iron (Fe 2 3 )... 

Alumina (A1 2 3 ) 

Phosphoric acid (P 2 0-,) 

Sulphuric acid (SO ;i ) 

Carbonic acid (CO J 

Water and organic matter... 

Totals 




i8 EUCALYPTUS. 

Report of Byron O. Clark, Eucalyptus sideroxydon, 
(Eucalyptus leucoxylon) on the side of a zanja at Anahiem. 
Cut when 4^2 years old. Height 71 feet. 

In Dr. Aber's plantations on the Rio de La Plata, Argen- 
tine the Karri, Eucalyptus diversicolor, grew fastest and 
Eucalyptus corymbosa ranked with blue gum. 

At from ten to twelve years of age the blue gum in 
California ceases to maintain its phenomenal fast growth. 
The other species cease their fast growth, as a general rule, 
some years sooner. In this matter some ratio seems to 
exi«t between the duration of rapid growth and the event- 
ual height of the tree. 

The blue gum is like all the valuable species of Eucalyp- 
tus in not being able to stand prolonged or very heavy frost. 
What it will stand depends something on the humidity, the 
condition of the tree as to sap flow and the age of the tree. 
Old trees have withstood a temperature of 15 F. without 
material injury. Young trees will, however, stand no such 
temperature. A minimum temperature of 24 may be 
deemed safe. Von Mueller has noted the blue gum shoots 
on giant trees along the Dandenong range in Victoria, frost 
burned, and has also noted these trees covered with snow 
for long periods without injury. In California, one species 
of our indigenous Rhus of the disagreeable smelling leaf, 
what we call the evergreen sumac, is often frost burned in 
its native haunts. So in the blue gum and the sumac we 
find imperfect adaptation to their present native conditions, 
due perhaps to a changing climate. 

This year we have had, in Southern California, nights 
colder than usual, that is, temperatures that occur once or 
twice in a decade. After these cold nights I visited two 
sandy washes along the foot hills, in one of which were 2 



EUCALYPTUS. ig 

year old small sugar gums (Eucalyptus corynocalyx) out 
one year, and in the other some yearling blue gums and 
many older, but stunted trees. In both washes the native 
sumac was frosted, and in nearly every case the whole 
foliage killed. The sugar gums were not all touched, but 
nearly all had the outer top leaves frost burned. Hardly 
any of the young blue gums were touched and these only 
very lightly. However, the young blue gums were among 
the older trees and doubtlessly received some protection. 

Our common Rhus is comparatively rare along the 
coast further south, and another ornamental and very at- 
tractive Rhus, well worthy of gardeners' attention, takes 
its place. This latter, rare here, has not been frosted at 
all this year. This seems rather a strange thing, a south- 
ern type to be so resistant. 

I am quite convinced that we could obtain a more reli- 
able frost resistance in the blue gum by a careful gathering 
of seeds from trees thriving in the coldest places to which 
this species is indigenous. Although the native habitat of 
the blue gum is restricted, it still is subject to a consider- . 
able climatic range. Both in Victoria and Tasmania it 
climbs well into the mountain valleys, and it seems only 
reasonable that seed from some of the more exposed trees 
would resist more cold than those on the warm mesas. The 
seeds of all other plants are eventually impressed by the 
climates in which they are produced. This fact is availed 
of by agriculturists in vegetables, grains, etc. We know 
also that certain tree seeds all of the same species produce 
plants of different capacities in resisting cold on one side 
and heat and drought on the other. Take, for instance, the 
Douglass spruce indigenous from British Columbia to the 
Mexican line. Seeds of this spruce show great variations 



20 EUCALYPTUS. 

in the resistance of the trees they produce to unfavorable 
climatic conditions, and these variations correspond with 
the climatic conditions where the seed produced grew. 

It seems only resonable to presume that this quality 
would extend also to the seeds of the blue gum. Our 
California plantations of blue gum are now practically all 
made from locally gathered seeds. 

Doubtless, too, the prevalence of conditions, such as 
prolonged drought, whereby the tree remains dormant 
during the periods of exposure, would prove favorable to 
resistance of frost. The vegetable world, in this respect, 
is the opposite of the animal. There are indeed hiber- 
nating animals that remain dormant during the winter, 
living on themselves, but no animal can resist extreme 
cold so well with diminished as with active circulation. 
In the vegetable world the opposite condition prevails. 

Animals suffer most from cold when exposed to wind. 
With plants it is exactly the reverse. At least such is the 
fact in the semi-tropics. A breeze on a cold night is con- 
sidered a protection against frost. It is a wise precaution 
to discourage active sap circulation in delicate plants as 
periods of possible frosts approach. In irrigated sections 
this may be done by withholding water in the fall. 

As the young Eucalyptus is more susceptible than the 
old to frost so we find numerous sections where this tree 
does well if the young are protected with straw, gunny- 
sacks or any light covering; indeed just as young orange 
and lemon trees are in some of our interior plateaus. In 
these sections the citrus fruits are a success, but every now 
and again a great deal of snow falls in the neighboring 
mountains and the night air descending to the valleys is 
colder than usual. When to this condition we have added 



EUCALYPTUS. 21 

a dry still atmosphere the rapid radiation causes frosts severe 
enough to seriously injure and even kill young citrus trees. 
The shortness of the young trees is one element of their 
danger. The nearer the ground the greater the danger. 
One writer says that the climatic range of the orange tree 
is that of the blue gum and where one will grow so will 
the other. In contradiction to this, reports to me from Ari- 
zona mention citrus trees as successful and Eucalyptus a 
failure. In this case however it is said to be the prolonged 
dry heat that unfavorably affects the Eucalyptus (Eucalyp- 
tus globulus.) On the other hand the blue gum thrives 
remarkably in the damp cool climate of the California coast 
where the orange is a sad failure. About the Southern 
confines of Los Angeles city where the blue gum is in 
superb health and has a great development the orange tree 
also thrives but gives an inferior fruit with excess of 
acidity. 

I think that the orange and blue gum will resist about 
the same degree of frost. 

It should not be forgotten that water is an equalizer of 
temperature and helps frost resistance. Therefore if a frost 
threatens, a full flooding irrigation will diminish the 
danger. 

In a Washington, D. C, nursery there is a Eucalyptus, 
species unknown, that for a number of years has been 
frozen every winter, but which sprouts anew each spring. 
In Paris the blue gum is sometimes used for ornament in 
the parks. The way this is done is to plant the seed in 
the open, transplant it to hot-house for winter, and set out 
the second summer, leaving it to its fate in the succeeding 
winter. 

In Australia the numerous species of Eucalyptus have 



22 EUCAL YPTUS. 

an extraordinary reported capacity of varying according to 
the soil and climate which they occupy. Some species 
have persistent bark in one geological formation and shed 
their bark in another. Some have green leaves, horizon- 
tal and broad near the coast and sickle shaped gray ones 
hanging vertical in the interior. The same species often 
vary, even in the color of their flowers. A number vary 
in the essential oils and odor of their foliage, and all are 
affected in the character and qualit} r of their timber by 
situation and climate. The forest trees indigenous to Cali- 
fornia have also often a strong tendency to vary, and 
again, like some Australian species, many of our trees are 
indigenous to very narrow limits. The Brewer, or beauti- 
ful weeping spruce, the Foxtail Balfour pine, the Torrey 
pine, the L,awson and Monterey Cypress, are amongst 
those so confined. One of our pines, the Monterey, P. 
iusignis, the fastest growing pine in the world, and more 
largely planted in Australia than any foreign tree, has a 
very restricted natural range about Monterey. We have in 
this pine some counterpart to the blue gums. 

First — That it renders soil, air and water aseptic. 

Second — That it is the most adaptable of our coniferous 
trees. 

Third— That it is of so confined a natural habitat. 

Fotirth — That other trees about it of very wide range 
like the Douglas spruce do not succeed in our plantations 
anything like so well. 

So the blue gum of naturally restricted range succeeds 
better in plantations than very widely distributed Eucalyp- 
tus like, for instance, Eucalyptus rostrata, found in every 
division of Australia proper and absent only in Tasmania 

The Monterey pine is a better tree than the blue gum. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 23 

for cold places, and on the blue gums' limit of tempera- 
ture it is better for all sandy places and especially better 
for beaches exposed to sea winds. The Monterey pine, 
however, is not a valuable timber tree nor a good fuel 
one. Its uses are to hide scars, cover waste places, stop 
sand drift and look as handsome as a young pine can. It 
stands cutting and breaking better than any pine with 
which I am familiar. I know of one case where it 
sprouted from a blown over tree and grew well. The 
main tree was not cut off until the sprout had started. 

Mr. L. Stengel, an experienced and careful nurseryman, 
is of opinion that Eucalyptus has a strong tendency to 
hybridize. There is just now a demand for Eucalyptus 
robusta (swamp mahogany). In preparing for this Mr. 
Stengel gathered robusta seed from four handsome spec- 
imens on Downey avenue, East Los Angeles. Recently 
while visiting his nursery Mr. Stengel showed me the 
results of his seed planting. The vast majority were true 
to the parent tree, but many in his large planting varied 
very widely from Eucalyptus robusta. One specimen was 
identical with globulus, several were like amygdalina var- 
regnans; in fact about fifteen distinct species apparently 
came from these robusta seed. If hybridization be accepted 
as the cause of these nursery results, we may account for 
some of the truly extraordinary surprises Australian Euca- 
lyptus seeds have given us. I have personally known seed 
from the collection of Baron von Mueller, and forwarded 
most kindly by him, come up in form quite foreign to the 
tree as described by him. I believe that every Californian 
experimenter in Eucalyptus has had a similar experience 
with Eucalyptus seeds. 

Mr. Scharf, of Pasadena, who has taken a great interest 



24 EUCALYPTI'S. 

in introducing new species of Eucalyptus, has a number 
of sketches in color of the flowers of the ornamental 
Eucalyptus ficifolia, introduced for its brilliant red flowers. 
These sketches were largely of flowers from trees growing 
from seed gathered by himself from Eucalyptus ficifolia in 
his own nursery. The difference in the colors is radical, 
from pale orange yellow to deep red. The foliage in these 
ficifolias also varies greatly. 

I am, however, not ready to accept these results as due 
to hybridization. Natural variation under new conditions 
and careless seed handling must be considered in the solu- 
tion. Stengel's robusta is not the true robusta but a 
variety. 

The blue gum is the best all round tree within its cli- 
matic range. It makes fire wood and timber fast; growing 
rapidly into an effective wind-break, contains a large 
amount of essential oil in its foliage ; its leaves are 
amongst the most efficient agents in cleaning out the in- 
crustation of boilers. It is available for the medicinal pre- 
paration of Eucalyptol and is altogether the best tree 
for any considerable range of condition in semi-tropic cli- 
mates as far as now known. The introduction of this tree 
has done more to change radically the appearance of wide 
ranges of country in California than any other one thing. 
In the reclamation of many arid plains of the central and 
southern parts of California the blue gum has worked 
almost like magic. It modifies the winds, breaks the 
lines of view all so quickly that one can scarcely realize 
that a valley of clustered woods and lines of trees was 
but a year or two before a brown parched expanse of 
shadeless summer dust. I do not think that the power of 
the blue gum in modifying the appearance of a country can 



EUCAL YPTUS. 25 

be appreciated by any one who has not seen some stretch 
of country before and after its introduction. 

The seedling of the blue gum possesses a peculiarity 
general to the genus. It does not look in the least like 
the grown tree. The seedling varies as a plant as much 
from the mature tree as do some insects in the larval state 
from their mature form. The blue gum seedling has a 
sharply square stem and branches, leaves opposite, sessile, 
round, and horizontal to the branch. Occasionally the 
young stem is six-sided and in this case the leaves and 
stipules spring in threes, each group from alternate sides. 
These early square or six-sided stems are so winged as to 
resemble the bottom of a Sonoma snow shoe or the under 
side of a skate runner. Ii is colored bright gendarme 
blue, both in stems and leaves, with an appearance of 
being slightly dusted with flour. The mature tree has 
round stems and branches, with white bark or tan brown 
just before the outer part is shed, the leaves are sickle- 
shaped, alternate with long stems, hang edgewise to the 
sky, and they vary from a dark and often glossy green 
to a dull gray color. 

This surprising difference between the seedling and the 
more aged tree, caused several botanists in Europe to set 
up a new species from the seedlings first raised in their 
hot houses. 

In nearly every considerable plantation of blue gums 
will be found a few specimens of what appears to be a re- 
version to a more primitive type. This sort is usually in 
the form ot a bush with numerous stems, though excep- 
tionally with but one, and foliage of the yearling gum 
that is to say, opposite, oval, sessile and blue, tending to 
persist longer than in the regular globulus. It is quite 



26 EUCAL YPTUS. 

ornamental. E. cordata is a dwarf Tasmanian species, 
that maintains through life this opposite, oval and sessile 
foliage. When a blue gum is pollarded, or cut back, the 
new sprouts always have at first the seedling or yearling 
foliage in a dense mass of oval leaves, blue as a gendarme 
blue can be. 

In very dry places, or after continued cool weather, the 
young blue gum foliage may be seen to vary in an extra- 
ordinary way. At times the whole tree will have a pink 
sheen in its blue foliage, again the under veining of the 
leaves will be bright crimson, and sometimes the square 
stems will change from their peculiarly assertive blue to 
the crimson of the leaf veins. A few leaves, too, will turn 
red, as red as any eastern Autumn leaf. Yet the general 
blue aspect will not be lost. In the older trees the young 
stems of the ultimate sickle-shaped leaves are usually a 
lemon yellow, but sometimes are a dull red. The branch- 
lets are more often red, in fact, generally these are red and 
only the youngest shoots are yellow. 

I have spoken of Eucalyptus globulus seedling foli- 
age as gendarme blue. This, however, is not exact. The 
color is a sort of silvery grey done in blue. It is bluer 
than the leaf of a century plant, but of that type of color. 
The foliage of the old trees, it must be remembered, is of 
an entirely different color. While the blue gum is not 
a desert plant, it has been most planted in countries that 
have a natural tendency in that direction, and is well fitted 
at least for the outskirts of the arid districts. Its first 
color suggests the frequency of blue shades, in the foliage 
of plants subjected to such conditions. In the dry portions 
of California we have many blue foliaged plants, cactus, 
yucca, many of the artemesia, manzanita, and in trees, 



EUCALYPTUS. 27 

several pines and oaks. Both the Quercus Douglassi and 
Q. Engelmanii are bluish and often quite blue. Nearly 
all our scrub oaks are blueish gray. In pines, P. Sabini- 
ana is our ugly blue-grey foothill pine, P. Torreyana and 
P. Parryana blueish grey, and there are several others. 
The pines in many cases have the blue gum characteristic 
of having the seedlings bluer than the mature tree. 

The blue-grey foliage, so frequent in the Eucalypti, is 
not accompanied by blue flowers. The genus Eucalyptus 
has red, white and yellow, but no blue flowers, the same 
range of color, in fact, as the rose. The Eucalyptus 
flowers, as a rule, are handsome and decorative, but diffi- 
cult to handle as cut flowers. 

The three colors, red, blue and yellow, in their purity, 
have an antipathy to union in one genus of plants. Any 
two may be found together in kinds of flowers, but the 
three in full character are not. Exceptions to this are 
claimed, as in the Hyacinth. With this beautiful flower 
the reds and blues are distinct enough, but the claimed 
yellow is usually a dirty dull color, verging to red. 
Whether a few exceptions exist or not, to the rule, the 
general refusal of all these three colors to occur in the 
flowers of any one genus of plants, is w r orthy of more at- 
tention and investigation than it has received. With this 
rule in mind, the blue foliage of the Eucalyptus without 
the blue flowers, becomes a matter of much more interest. 

One of the advantages of the blue gum is the small size 
of the seeds, their reliable fertility and excellent keeping 
powers. In an ounce of well sifted blue gum seeds there 
will be 10,000 fertile grains. The sizes of the seeds of the 
noted species of the Eucalyptus are as follows : 



z8 EUCALYPTUS. 

SIZE OP EUCALYPTUS SEEDS. 



The proportionate as well as absolute size of the fer- 
tile and sterile seeds is at an average so different in many 
Eucalyptus, as to afford often important marks of specific 
distinctions. The subjoined notes of measurement may 
thus aid not only in recognizing species scientifically, but 
also in controlling to some extent the purchase of seeds 
of particular kinds in the trade. — (Von Mueller.) 

Eucalyptus rostrata: fertile seeds y to y line long, 
about yi line broad, sterile seeds y to y line long, about 
y line broad; — E, polyanthema, E. melliodora, E. panicu- 
lata, E. hemiphloia: fertile seeds y to y line long, about 
y line broad, sterile seeds about x /i line long, l 4 to y 
line broad; — E. goniocalyx, E. cornuta, E. Gunnii, E. 
Sturtiana, E. tereticornis, E. botryoides, E. siderophloia, 
E. cinerea, E. Leucoxylon: fertile seeds ^ to 1 line long, 
y to y line broad, sterile y? to y line long, about % 
line broad; E. amygdalina: fertile seeds f's to i line long, 
% to 2 /i line broad, sterile seeds Y / 2 to y line long, $& to 
y 2 line broad; — E. haemastoma: fertile seeds ^ to i line 
long, about y line broad, sterile seeds about y line long, 
y line broad; — E. obliqua, E. macrorrhyncha, E. pauci- 
flora, E. Sieberiana: fertile seeds i to i)4 lines long, y 
to i line broad, sterile seeds y to i line long, y to y 
line broad; — E. cosmophylla: fertile seeds y to i line 
long, about y line broad, sterile seeds y to iy lines 
long, Vi line broad; — E. gomphocephala: fertile seeds i to 
\y lines long, ^ to i line broad, sterile seeds i to i^ 
lines long, y, to y line broad; — E. globulus: fertile seeds 
i to iy lines long, ^ to i line broad, sterile seeds i 
to i x 2 inches long, about } 4 line broad; — E. megacarpa; 



EUCALYPTUS. 2 9 

fertile seeds i to i l / 2 lines long, V± to 1 line broad, 
sterile seeds 1 to i}4 lines long, y 2 to y lines broad; — 
E. marginata, E. buprestinm: fertile seeds 2 to 3 lines 
long, 1 to 2 lines broad, sterile seeds ij( to 2 lines long, 
)( to i){ lines broad; — E. Abergiana: fertile seeds with 
their membranous appendage 3*2 to 5 lines long, \)A to 

2 lines broad, sterile seeds 1)4 to 3 lines long, y 2 to ~A 
line broad; — E. calophylla: fertile seeds 6 to 9 lines long, 

3 to 4 lines broad, sterile seeds 2^ to 4 lines long, 1 to 
1 y? lines broad. 

The seed cases or fruit ot the blue gum, in some 
places, change color after they fall. I have several times 
made collections of them at Santa Monica to enjoy the 
brilliant and beautiful shadings of color that these assume 
and for a considerable time maintain. 

The Eucalyptus flowers have no ornamental petals. 
Their form and coloring depend on the numerous stamens. 
Most of them look like beautiful pompons. The blue gum 
flowers are decorative and striking, especially when natur- 
ally surrounded with the sickle-shaped leaves. These 
flowers have the filaments white, and the anthers a delicate 
cream yellow. The general appearance is white. 

The stem, as has been said, is deeply grooved on the 
four sides in the young square stage. Upon this the oppo- 
site sessile leaves are placed in pairs, alternately springing 
from one side of the square and then from the other. The 
stem often, however, has a spiral twist, in which case the 
alternate effect of this placing is lost. 

In this young stage a small stipule accompanies each 
leaf. Quite often this stipule grows and branches out, and 
founds new branches. 

The smaller seeds of the Eucalyptus when carefully 



3 o EUCALYPTUS. 

kept retain their vitality for four years at least. While 
even the very small amygdalina seed are recorded as all 
fertile six years after gathering, experimenters have had 
too many sad experiences in California with worthless Euca- 
lyptus seed to trust to any but the freshest. Several Aus- 
tralian authorities state that the majority of Eucalyptus 
seeds are sterile. This has not been my experience. 

Amongst the Eucalypti there seems to exist a rule that 
the size of the seed shall be inverse to the size of the 
plant. Thus, about the smallest seeds are those of the 
amygdalina, the tallest of the genus, while the largest are 
on far smaller trees or even bushes like the Eucalyptus min- 
iata. A seed of this very ornamental crimson flowered 
species was planted after being for thirteen years in the 
museum at Melbourne and promptly sprouted. This indi- 
cates a seed vitality that is a frequent characteristic of 
plants indigenous to countries with prolonged dry seasons. 
In the contrast of the size of seeds to the size of the trees 
bearing them California has a parallel for Australia. Our 
Sequoia is our largest tree and its seeds are very 
small while our dwarf pines and mesquite have pretty 
good sized ones. 

I have alluded to disappointments due to sterile Euca- 
lyptus seeds but troubles from this source are slight com- 
pared to those arising from fertile seed not true to name. 
To such an extent has this unreliability of seed gone that 
even so important a species as Eucalyptus rostrata, (red 
gum,) is still represented in our plantations by half a 
dozen different species. 

This confusion has been attributed to the carelessness 
or even fraud of the seed sellers. My own opinion is that 
it is more due to ignorance and mistake than to anything 



EUCALYPTUS. j/ 

else. One of my most reliable correspondents in years 
gone by has sent me seed marked Eucalyptus polyanthema, 
which turned out to be Eucalyptus Gunnii, and packages 
of Eucalyptus rostrata that in one case contained six (lif- 
erent species of Eucalyptus. Perhaps the hybridization 
already alluded to is the real solution of our surprises. On 
the other hand carefully collected seed by an experienced 
man under my orders showed all the seedlings true to the 
parent tree. This was our experience with a number of 
species. 

The common substitute for the red gum and the species 
most generally planted for it in California has been Euca- 
lyptus viminalis, also a useful tree but not valuable like the 
others for lumber. While this tree is radically different 
from the red gum there is an extensive district in Aus- 
tralia where the mature trees of these generally dissimilar 
species are said to appear much alike. A person in such 
a district shown a true red gum might easily mistake a 
manna gum in another location for it. 

The utility of these two species is absolutely different, 
therefore the mistake in confusing the manna with the red 
is the more to be regretted. Every old plantation that I 
have visited in California, except at Elwood, reputed as 
red gum has turned out to be either viminalis or a tree 
entirely different from either — E. occidentalis. This lat- 
ter is a very valuable timber tree and well suited to 
California. I have recently made arrangements to identify 
all the numerous Eucalyptus species now growing in Cali- 
fornia, an undertaking made all the easier by the remark- 
ably early flowering of most of the genus. It certainly is 
a striking thing to observe these finally giant trees so 
often flowering when no more than a bush. The utility of 



3 2 EUCALYPTUS. 

work of this kind is apparent when we consider the 
wide range of conditions in California. The blue gum, 
while so generally suited to California, has a hard time in 
some places and will not grow at all in others. In the 
boulders or sands of the torrent beds of Southern Cali- 
fornia the blue gum is often over-matched by the lightness 
or dryness of the soil or lack of soil. Again, in exposed 
places like the old alkali districts of such elevated plateaus 
as that which we used to call the Mojave desert, the blue 
gum is sometimes killed by the alkali and sometimes by 
low temperature. The thermometer in these places some- 
times falls to 2 above zero, and in one or two places even 
zero has been recorded. 

It is doubtful whether any valuable Eucalyptus will do 
well under such conditions, but it is certain that the blue 
gum will not. The species to try would be Eucalyptus 
rostrata, Eucalyptus viminalis, Eucalyptus urnigera, Euca- 
lyptus robusta, Eucalyptus amygdalina and Eucalyptus 
Gunnii. No Eucalyptus has resisted the conditions at 
Lancaster on the Mojave. Numbers of fruit trees do well 
there and the Fremont poplar seems quite at home. At 
points nearer the Sierra Madre in this ex-Mojave section, 
now called Antelope Valley, various species ot Eucalyptus 
have succeeded, but only locally, at or near Palmdale and 
the Rock Creek mesa. Mr. John J. Jones, of Palmdale, 
writes me that viminalis with him has stood more cold 
without leaf-burning by five degrees than Eucalyptus glob- 
ulus or Eucalyptus rostrata. His minimum in a protected 
porch is 1 6° F. The West Australian Eucalyptus cornuta 
was killed outright, while the red and blue gums live but 
are very often frost burnt. 

Reports from Kew gardens, England, recently sent to 



EUCALYPTUS. 33 

me, state that Eucalyptus urnigera, Eucalyptus coccifera, 
Eucalyptus viminalis and Eucalyptus Gunnii are ' ' by far 
the hardiest species in England, and have withstood tem- 
peratures as low as io° above zero. In the Channel. 
Islands Eucalyptus globulus and others grow freely." 

The two first species have only recently been intro- 
duced into California. 

When it comes to the dry sandy situations we have a 
better tree in the Eucalyptus haemastoma or Eucalyptus 
hemiphloia. And for dry places with strong soil Eucalyp- 
tus cornuta and especially Eucalyptus corynocalyx are 
more successful than the blue gum. For wet soils and sea 
coast exposure the best species is Eucalyptus robusta. The 
Eucalyptus which has stood the most frost in California is 
probably one at Chico. This tree is reported uninjured by 
two severe winters. One of my ex-forestry officers, Mr. 
W. S. Lyon, on the authority of Baron Von Mueller, calls 
it Eucalyptus amygdalina variety angustifolia. Amygdalina 
is said by Von Mueller to be one of the best frost resisters 
of the genus, but I can find no such variety credited to it 
as angustifolia. There is a variety named angustifolia, 
however, of Eucalyptus crebra, which is a very good tree. 
So we have some confusion about this frost resister until 
we can examine it botanicaily and learn to a certainty 
where it belongs. (I have recently seen a specimen of this 
tree. It is an amygdalina and a narrow leaf variety.) 

Reports from the large number of experiments with 

species of Eucalyptus throughout California, from seeds or 

plants introduced and sent out by me, when Chairman of 

the State Board of Forestry, are generally unsatisfactory. 

Upon a resume of these we may say that the sugar gum 

will stand more drought than the blue gum, but no more 
3 



34 EUCALYPTUS. 

frost; that the red gum (Eucalyptus rostra ta) stands more 
frost than the blue gum; that the manna gum (Eucalyptus 
Viminalis) stands both frost and drought better than the 
blue gum. I feel a great regret that I cannot give definite 
figures on temperature resisted by the different species. 
Frosty places, at least in Southern California, hate to 
confess the whole truth, or, as they say, the exceptional 
facts about frost. From my own plantings some exper- 
iences will be occasionally given. These plantings were 
made at Santa Monica on the Pacific Ocean, and at Kin- 
neloa ranch on the foot-hills of the Sierra Madre, in the 
San Gabriel Valley. The lowest temperature recorded at 
the ranch house, with a self-registering thermometer, has 
been 32 , and this but twice in 15 years. At Santa 
Monica, Mr. Hugh Casey generally has a tomato vine 
running to the roof of his house and fruiting all winter, 
so there also it is very mild. 

The lowest temperature recorded at the Forestry station, 
Santa Monica, was 30 * Fahrenheit. The extraordinary dif- 
ferences of degrees of frost within short distances, in Cali- 
fornia, makes it essential to look carefully into temperature 
records as evidences of what plants will stand in the way 
of cold. The examination is necessary, not in doubt about 
the record, but in discovering its applicability to the plan- 
tations under consideration. The thermometer at my ranch 
is on the inside of an outer pillar, on the south side of the 
piazza, about ten feet from the ground. On the terrace in 
front and close to the piazza grows a banana that has 
never been cut back, but the ends of the top leaves have 
been frost burned several times. Close below on a bank 
is a scarlet flowered passion vine ; part of it grows to the 
top of a palm tree. On the bank, the vine leaves have 



EUCAL YPTUS. 35 

been frosted about every third year ; but the vine in the 
palm, even close to the ground, has never been touched. 
The thermometer may easily vary many degrees at the 
same time, on the same ranch, or in the same valley. 



EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS. 



The blue gum being the most valued of the genus 
Eucalyptus, it will be appropriate to give some more intim- 
ate account of this wonderful hard wood Jack's-bean-stalk 
growing tree. I will commence with some account of my 
own acquaintance with it at Santa Monica, and at the 
ranch in the San Gabriel. 

The town streets at Santa Monica were planted with 
Eucalyptus globulus, blue gum, about 1876, and the 
trees were not subsequently cared for. It has done remark- 
ably well and made large trees. The lines are now broken 
on account of the town policy to allow lot owners to chop 
down the trees on the streets at their front. Many have 
been thus used for fire wood. The first line of blue gums 
on the bluff at the ocean front have been much deformed 
and stunted and sea burned by the trade wind, which 
steadily blows at this place through the whole summer. 
These gums were alternated with Monterey Cypress, which 
have been deformed also by the trade wind, but not so 
badly sea burned. Where there was summer moisture, as 
at a stand pipe for the street watering, the blue gums 
withstood the trade wind effects and have grown to be 
large trees. The second line of blue gums across the 
ocean front avenue have been practically unaffected by the 



3 6 EUCALYPTUS. 

trade wind. Every three or four years, great numbers of 
blue, gum seedlings have come up about the town. These 
have been taken up by the people and sold to the nur- 
series. The years of these seedlings have been ones of 
more than average rain fall. The blue gum is at home 
at Santa Monica. 

At Kinneloa the blue gum does well in strong soil. On 
the very light sandy places without water or cultivation 
trees have died of drought. In the late summer of years 
following a season of light rains nearly all the trees in 
sandy wastes have lost foliage to a perceptible extent, but 
in spite of all this I have cut considerable fire wood from 
a sand wash plantation and the trees are now coming out 
again vigorously from the stumps. At Santa Monica there 
is a scale on the blue gums that I have seen only on the 
fruit. It seems to do no harm and looks to me like our 
willow scale. It may be appropriate to mention that in 
Australia there is a scale, a species of Lecanium, that in- 
fests both the red and manna gums. This scale causes a 
viscid sweet juice to exude from the tree and to drop on 
the leaves and branchlets, which is very attractive to ants. 
In this effect we are reminded of the black scale and its 
sweet secretion on our orange trees. It is probably very 
lucky that our Eucalyptus have been imported by seed 
thus avoiding the introduction of this scale. The impres- 
sion prevalent in California that all Eucalypti are free 
from insect pests is not in accordance with the reports from 
Australia in regard to the L,ecanium as well as in regard 
to certain cicadae. Some of these latter do considerable 
injury by boring while others eat the tree leaves. Baron 
Von Mueller reports that these foliage eaters seem to be 
increasing in Australia. Quite frequently extensive districts 



EUCAL YPTUS. 37 

have the trees killed by the repeated destruction of the 
leaves in the same season thus giving the tree no oppor- 
tunity to recuperate. The blue gum however has not been 
reported to have been destroyed by the cicadse. Consul 
Baker reports from the Argentine that the Eucalyptus is 
the only tree introduced to the wide plains of that Repub- 
lic not destroyed by locusts. 

The borers attack Eucalyptus viminalis more than any 
other tree. From their punctures exudes a sweet, amorphous 
and whitish substance, much prized by the natives. From 
this mellitose substance the viminalis has obtained the name 
of manna gum. When this manna is found in comb -like 
pieces on the ground it is quite a pleasant sweet. We 
could doubtless obtain this manna by instrumental punc- 
tures. It is not the same as the true orcus-manna as John- 
ston's* Australian analysis shows^C^ H14 O14, and the quan- 
titative analysis of viminalis manna by Anderson is sugar 
49.06, gum 5.77, starch 4.29, inulin 13.80, cellulose 12.04, 
water 15.01. This manna falls also from Eucalyptus oleosa 
and Eucalyptus odorata and occasionally from other Euca- 
lypti but never to anything like the same extent as from 
Eucalyptus viminalis. I have only once seen manna on a 
gum tree in California. This was on Eucalyptus viminalis 
at Santa Monica Heights. 

In mentioning these insect injuries to various species of 
Eucalyptus it is only proper to say that this genus has so 
far proved practically free irom injurious insect effects 
wherever it has been introduced. Its introduction by seed 
alone has prevented the introduction of its Australian ene- 
mies and no exotic enemy of moment has thus far ap- 
peared. I may say, too, that in my own wanderings in 

* From Von Mueller. 



38 EUCAL YPTUS. 

the Australian bush I have not observed insects injuring 
the Eucalyptus. 

In South Australia Eucalyptus leucoxylon is called blue 
gum and in New South Wales Eucalyptus goniocalyx goes 
by the same name. Eucalyptus globulus is not indigenous 
to South Australia and is not a feature of the forests of 
New South Wales, except perhaps in a small far southern 
district adjacent to Victoria. Both of these species are hardy, 
fast growers, and valuable timber trees. In various dis- 
tricts the name blue gum is locally given also to Eucalyp- 
tus haemastoma, Eucalyptus megacarpa, Eucalyptus rudis 
and to Eucalyptus saligna. Again, in other districts these 
trees have different popular names as may be seen by an 
accompanying index of Vernacular names taken from Von 
Mueller. 

Eucalyptus globulus may always be distinguished by its 
glandular appearing fruits. These are of an unhealthy, 
bluish-white color until the seeds are fertilized. The col- 
oring suggests a case of erysipelas painted with nitrate of 
silver. There is only one other species of Eucalyptus that 
has this rough, glandular seed box. This is Eucalyptus 
Alpina, a bush restricted in its native habitat to a few 
acres on Mt. William, in the Grampian Range, Victoria. 
Eucalyptus Alpina is the closest botanic ally of Eucalyptus 
globulus and still while the blue gum is the fastest grower 
of the genus, the Alpina is the slowest ; while one is a 
giant tree, the other is a dwarf bush ; while one is' intro- 
duced into every section where the climate permits, the 
other is but a curiosity. A Eucalyptus Alpina planted in 
the botanic garden, at Melbourne, grew twelve feet in 
twenty-five years and had no central stem. When we 
consider the systemic affinity of these two species and 



EUCAL YPTUS. 39 

their divergent qualities we may well recall the little nur- 
sery rhyme about the star : 

" Thou art so near 
And yet so far." 

This Mt. William seems to be a sort of botanic island, 
for upon it are found a considerable number of plants 
found nowhere else. 

An experiment made with the blue gum by the South- 
ern Pacific Railroad Company, showed it to be above the 
average for a tie in all respects but one. It checked to 
such an extent that room could hardly be found to bolt 
down the rails. 

Wood cut at a different season, or better cured, might 
show very different results. 

At the Chicago World's Fair specimens of blue gum 
wood from Australia worked for wagon wheels, in boards, 
and exhibited as a hard wood of general utility, sug- 
gests that the use of this wood in Australia, even for 
ship building, and its comparative neglect here, except for 
fire wood, is due to a difference in blue gum wood in the 
two countries, arising from situation, soil, climate, or the 
age of the tree. 

More care and more experiments may demonstrate that 
we have, or will obtain as good blue gum wood here as 
there. * 

The blue gum is a sort of average Eucalyptus, tall but 
not the tallest ; used for general purposes, even to piling 
and ship building ; it is not the best of timber for any of 
these purposes ; not the most lasting in the air, ground, 
or water ; not the highest yield of oil ; not the best honey- 
making tree for bees. It is still well up in all these 
respects. Like nearly all Eucalypti the tree should be 



4 o EUCALYPTUS. 

cut when the sap is least active, and should be worked 
into its final form of fire wood, boards, etc., as soon as 
possible after it is felled. I have seen blue gum logs 
become so hard that the cost, from increased difficulty of 
handling, ate up more than the final value. In cutting blue 
gums for piles, it is probable that the reverse course will 
be best— that is, when the sap is active. The wharfinger 
of the Port of San Francisco assures me that a pile cut 
when the sap is flowing — say in the spring — will last three 
to five times longer than when cut dormant. 

The best success with the blue gum in California has 
been in situations where moisture is not far from the sur- 
face and where the ocean influence has affected the air, such 
as in the great Eucalyptus groves south of Los Angeles 
City. In many places this tree does well singly and in single 
lines, and it will furnish a continuous supply of fire wood, 
as on the borders of fields and orchards that are cultivated, 
when it will amount to little or nothing in a solid planta- 
tion. Thus, a new comer to some of our interior mesas 
will see with his own eyes, splendid specimens of blue 
gums in gardens, near a ditch or reservoir, or he may 
observe, by the side of cultivated fields, long rows of 
strong looking trees. Acting upon this, he may plant a 
forest of blue gums and get only a spindling, stunted 
growth, better than nothing, but that is about all one can 
say. Eucalyptus globulus will amount to little in groves 
where the soil is light or the subsoil dry. A continuous 
supply of fire wood can be obtained from blue gum by 
pollarding or cutting the tree back every three or four 
years. This Eucalyptus stands such treatment especially 
well. Some of the other species do not take kindly to 
this cutting back, but I believe none of them make the 



EUCAL YPTl .s. 4 i 

complete revolt against it of the pine. To insure a new 
growth the pollarding should be done when the sap is 
running actively. Our redwood is, I believe, the only con- 
iferous tree with this sprouting quality. Alone amongst 
its compeers, in this quality, the redwood exceeds in its 
persistent vitality for sending out suckers and shoots when 
cut down, all known trees. 

The sprouting of the blue gum when cut adds to its 
value as a fuel tree, for in plantations it makes its first 
crop in about seven years and then for an indefinite per- 
iod renews the crop every three to five years. 

The blue gum to give best results for either timber or 
fuel should be planted 6x8 or 8x8, or certainly not more 
than 10 feet apart. The most successful pine plantation in 
California is at Monterey and of the Monterey pine. These 
trees are now eleven years old average 35 feet in height, 
are straight and clean in the stem and are planted 10 feet 
apart. This is the proper form for all forest tree planta- 
tions with but slight variation. The object of close plant- 
ing is to obtain the maximum of a clear straight stem. 
This gives the best return with the most economical condi- 
tion for gathering the crop, and is alike advantageous whe- 
ther the crop is lumber, fire-wood, gum or bark. If the 
trees crowd each other as they grow they can be thinned 
out. 

In European forestry it has generally been found best 
to mix plantations of forest trees. That is, plantations of 
one kind of tree solid are not found to succeed well. We 
have not had this experience in California. The Eucalyp- 
tus has certainly been tried enough to say that the great 
advantage and economy of solid plantation to one kind of 
tree is not neutralized by indifferent growing in this genus. 



42 EUCALYPTUS. 

In passing to other species we may leave the Eucalyp- 
tus globulus with this statement: 

It accommodates itself to more conditions in a satisfac- 
tory way than any other Eucalyptus. Yet there is no one 
condition for which some other species of this genus is not 
better adapted. So also there is no use to which the blue 
gum is put for which another species is not more service- 
able. 

The blue gum is a jack-of-all-trades tree. 

A fine specimen of a single Eucalyptus globulus is to 
be seen on the Banning estate at Wilmington, Eos Angeles 
County, California. There is in another form a fine single 
tree at Mr. Rosenbaum's garden, Pasadena, and still another 
type in the L. J. Rose Company's garden, San Gabriel. A 
fine old roadside effect of these trees may be seen near the 
East San Gabriel Hotel. The growth and appearance of 
the blue gnm in groves is well illustrated at and about 
Nadeau Station, south of the city limits of Los Angeles. 



EUCALYPTUS MARGINATA, 



My experiments at Santa Monica together with those at 
the old forestry station show that all the important species 
do well at that point except the jarrah, Eucalyptus margi- 
nata. This valuable tree is not only slow in growth but 
appears to have a tendency to foliage disease. Part of the 
trouble is probably caused by a fungus. The outer edge of 
the leaves commence to die during the winter or rainy 
season. Eucalyptus obliqua is also slow and unsatisfactory 
at Santa Monica. This is the par excellence stringy bark 
of Tasmania and Victoria. This tree does well, however, 



EUCALYPTUS. 43 

in the middle interior. We lose little in losing the 
obliqua as a tree to recommend compared to the jarrah. 
This latter tree is reported to be teredo proof. It has 
been extensively used for piling and also for railroad ties 
in parts of India subject to the white ant. The reputation 
of the jarrah rests as to teredo resistance on the early 
constructed Australian wharves. It may be that the teredo 
was not native to Australian waters. The natural absence 
of the teredo, at least from the open coasts of California, 
has been asserted and the frequent wharves built out into 
the^ placid waters of the Southern coast are said to have 
at first enjoyed an immunity from teredo attacks. We 
have a verv injurious pile enemy, even worse than the 
teredo that works only at the tide limits of the piles. 
This is the limnoria. 

The early Australian experiences may have been due 
to an absence of teredo. A careful inquiry shows that sev- 
eral other species are very distasteful to insects. The most 
resistant of these are the Eucalyptus rostrata — red gum, 
Eucalyptus robusta — swamp mahogany, Eucalyptus diversi- 
color — karri. 

This advantageous characteristic seems to depend on the 
wood of these trees containing a large proportion of kino- 
red. Frequent experiment in Australia has shown a marked 
difference in the amount of kino-red in the same species of 
Eucalyptus. The jarrah growing in light soil and gener- 
ally in the open lowlands is very deficient in kino-red as 
compared to the trees growing on the strong iron soil of 
its native mountains. The jarrah, red gum and karri 
each contain a maximum of from 16 to 17 per cent, of 
this substance while the robusta contains 19 per cent., and 
exceeds all Australian trees in kino-red. 



44 EUCALYPTUS. 

Some jarrah piles were brought to San Francisco a 
long time ago and tried by the harbor commissioners. 
These were destroyed by the teredo and other pile eaters 
in eighteen months. I saw the specimens when taken up 
and they were entirely riddled and were worthless. The 
question then arose as to whether the piling imported from 
Australia really was jarrah. To satisfy their doubt another 
lot of jarrah was ordered with such precautions as to 
insure the importation of the real thing. Unfortunately 
the record of this experiment was not made, or if made 
has been lost. I learn from the present engineer of the 
Board that there is mention of Karri piles but that these 
were taken out some time ago without examination to 
make way for the sea wall. So while several kinds of 
Eucalyptus piling reputed resistant to toredo, etc., have 
been tried in San Francisco, no reliable record appears 
to exist of them. 

The San Francisco Harbor Commission is \>y no means 
up to the average as an example of the extravagance and 
inefficiency in our public service. 

Our machine system of politics develops the faculties of 
trades, combines, direct or indirect briberies and political 
fence walking in public men. The lower qualities are de- 
veloped, the higher ones dwarfed by non-user — certainly 
never developed. 

Our public service is now manned by those who have 
rendered partisan service, by their friends or by persons 
with a pull, as by those going on official bonds, or by 
those paying the police blackmail on dives and prostitution 
or by large corporate interests using direct and indirect 
influence both in elective and appointive officers. 

Merit and capacity are wholly secondary as a means of 



EUCAL YPTUS. 45 

notice in the public employ. In fact indifference and inca- 
paeit\ is a recommendation to machine boss methods for 
political employment. Even rank scandals involving cor- 
rupt catering to corporate interest hy public officers often 
fails to neutralize the strength of our political machine 
and the outcry of public indignation is deadened b\- the 
din of the partisan tom-tom. 

How long the supposedly intelligent American people 
will continue to be played by the partisan pannel game is 
impossible to foretell. 

I have a particular prejudice against our partisan follies 
because they continually confront me in all public interests. 
Even good and able men in public office secure and main- 
tain their places by. their lower and not by their higher 
faculties. The political machine generally dominates the 
public business, but its indifference to public interests, its 
incapacities and degradations are distinctly countered by 
the currents of public opinion. The growing altruism of 
humanity is against the use of faction, sordid private in- 
terest or the ministering of personal pride to organize 
bands of partisans to exploit public office and public taxes 
for private plunder. 

Well, well ! Eet us look on the bright side for the 
future and trust that the strong young seedlings of popu- 
lar demand for capacity, honesty and responsibility in the 
public service will grow like blue gum saplings and like 
them clear the political malaria away that makes us all 
sick. 

In repeating experiments, such as those in San Fran- 
cisco harbor, it may be noted that the teredo thrives best 
in clear sea water and dies in clear sewage. The resist- 
ance of piling to teredo may therefore be very different 



4 6 EUCALYPTUS. 

though of the same kind of wood when differently ex- 
posed in a harbor. The jarrah has grown in several shel- 
tered places in California as at the Cahuenga, but so slowly 
and it so often tails to grow at all, that there is little en- 
couragement to plant it. 

While a large number of instances of teredo resistance 
in the Eucalyptus marginata are reported, carefully con- 
ducted experiments like that in Auckland Harbor, do not 
substantiate them. 

We will know more about this teredo pest after awhile. 
The introduction of some natural enemy of the teredo has 
been suggested and a great variety of experiments are 
being tried, amongst them is one at San Pedro, where the 
piles are protected by vitrified sewer pipe. 

I have a report of a Jarrah, 65 feet high, 25 years old, 
at Santa Clara. The identification of the species has not 
been verified, however. 

The best specimens of Eucalyptus marginata are at the 
Cahuenga, Eos Angeles County. The general type of poor 
growth in California, can be seen at the Forestry Station, 
Santa Monica, and at the Paradise Nurseries, South 
Pasadena. 

It may be well to mention here that the common blue 
gum produces, about Santa Barbara, a pile that resists both 
the teredo and limuaria better than the Oregon spruce 
sticks, better even than these creosoted. In consequence, 
the wharf at that point is now maintained by blue gum 
piling. 



EUCALYPTUS. 47 

EUCALYPTUS R0BU6TA. 



For convenience we may consent to the name Eucalyp- 
tus robusta for the fine tree thus known in California. It 
is, however, either a variety or another species, probably 
Eucalyptus Kirtoniana. The variation in our so-called 
Eucalyptus robusta from the true type, seems to be only 
in the flower cap. In the typical Eucalyptus robusta this 
cap is much broader than the calyx tube, bulging out some- 
thing like the cap of Eucalyptus gomphocephala, while in 
the tree we have as Eucalyptus robusta the cap is long 
and not broader than the calyx tube. 

Eucalyptus robusta is a good fast grower, and among the 
handsomest of the genus. It has large, dark green leaves, 
and, like so many of the Eucalypti, flowers early and pro- 
fusely. The flowers are cream colored. We know that 
Eucalyptus robusta has done well on the bluff at Santa 
Monica, in Eos Angeles, and in the San Gabriel Vallej'. 
The tree is a swamp tree, and naturally takes to low wet 
ground, and thrives even in sour and alkali land. I was 
surprised to find it doing so exceptionally well in upland 
situations. Eucalyptus robusta has not been tried very 
long here, and it may not continue to grow fast after a few 
years. Many Australian trees, especially in the acacias, 
grow wonderfully for four or five years and then become 
scrawny and miserable. The Grevillia, with its feathery 
foliage and deep yellow flowers, is one of these beautiful 
disappointments. Eucalyptus robusta is very promising, 
but in the numerous forest plantations of South Australia, 
the largest and most complete forest stations dealing with 
Eucalypti in the world, it seems but little noticed. 

This colon}' has 29 forest stations and several small ex- 



4 8 EUCALYPTUS. 

perimental grounds. These were for a long time under the 
charge of Mr. J. Ednie Brown, a distinguished forester, 
afterward Director General of Forests to the Colony of New 
South Wales. It was under his excellent management that 
the value of many of the Eucalyptus species was demon- 
strated. Amongst these we ma}' mention specially Eucalyp- 
tus viminalis, Eucalyptus leucoxylon, and Eucalyptus cory- 
nocalyx, for dry and arid locations, and of the first two as 
frost resisters. After long and careful trial, the Eucalyptus 
corynocalyx was shown to be the best Eucalyptus for the 
very dry and trying stations in the north and hotter parts 
of South Australia. 

There are a few Eucalyptus robustas in plantations about 
Los Angeles, and quite a number alone or in rows. When 
alone, it grows in an excellent shape for a road tree, with 
a well formed head, round and not too tall, making a good 
shade for the sidewalk, without shutting off sunshine from 
adjacent houses. 

The timber of this tree is a dark, handsome red, due 
to the very large amount of kino it contains. 

Specimens of Eucalyptus robusta as a single tree can 
be seen at the Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and as a 
roadside tree on Downey Avenue, near Mr. Hancock 
Johnson's place. The form of growth of this tree in a 
grove can be seen at Dr. Wernigk's place, Alhambra, Cal. 
There is a very pretty effect from a plantation of these 
trees at the railroad entrance to the county farm near Eos 
Angeles. My experiments on very alkaline ground show 
that Eucalyptus rostrata is more resistant than robusta. 



EUCALYPTUS. /o 



EUCALYPTUS CORYINOCALYX. 



Eucalyptus eorynoealyx is the sugar guin. This popu- 
lar name is due to the character of the foliage which, while 
sweetish, contains comparatively little oil, and is, therefore, 
acceptable to stock. In chewing the leaves of the sugar 
gum, the first taste is agreeable, but immediately a bitter 
resinous flavor succeeds. It leaves a persistent after taste 
of almonds. There is no suggestion of sweetness to me. 
Australian reports say that it is the only Eucalyptus, 
unless perhaps Eucalyptus Gunnii, that stock and sheep 
will eat. This is not an especially desirable quality in a 
tree, but in any case it is not true of California that the 
sugar gum has this monopoly. 

While a road master in the Santa Monica district, I 
undertook the planting of trees by the roadsides. Too 
otten roads ran for considerable distances through open, 
unsettled plains, used by stock and traversed by sheep. 

I planted Eucalyptus trees, for the small fund available 
permitted only the use of trees that could be transplanted 
to roadside, conditions small, and therefore at low cost, 
and that would soon need no care at all. The cattle 
would break down the young Eucalyptus trees, but did 
not seem to eat them ; the sheep, however, crossing in the 
fall, with scant feed, would eat off every leaf from the 
young trees in their path, and from trees of several species 
including the blue gum. The ground squirrels, then plen- 
tiful, had the curious habit of biting off the young trees 
at the root crown and leaving them dead. Rabbits do the 
same thing, and will do it over and over again on re- 



5 o EUCALYPTUS. 

plants, for reasons that I cannot guess at, unless it be an 
antipathy to forests from hereditary experience of unfavor- 
able conditions for rabbits and ground squirrels. It may 
be interesting to some prospective planter to know how 
the squirrels were conquered. I poisoned them with strych- 
nine in watermelons for six miles in a strip sixteen hun- 
dred feet wide, then had boys cover the holes. All the 
holes reopened within ten days were reclosed, after placing 
a piece of cotton saturated with bi- sulphide of carbon in- 
side. The first method is a cheap, wholesale scheme, but 
will not kill on a second trial those few that escape the 
first. The squirrels will not again take it. The second 
is too expensive for wholesale work, but is excellent as a 
sort of amen. The trees on these six miles of road are 
now safe, and make a most pleasing difference in the ap- 
pearance and comfort of the roads. In this road planting 
I used a number of varieties. In fact, most of the trees 
were donated and we took what we could get, otherwise 
the business and frequent re-plants could not, from financial 
reasons, have been brought to a successful finish. I hope that 
I so grouped the trees and arranged the lines that the pres- 
ent pleasing effect will not be lost. In general, good effects 
in road side tree planting are best obtained by a single 
species of tree. When a street or road has trees planted 
on it without either a unity of species or a unity of 
plan it is incapable of an inspiring effect. The old elm 
lined streets in New England are both beautiful and glo- 
rious. Once seen they cannot be forgotten. The striking 
beauty of these roads is due to the monopoly of the 
elm. But a medley of trees on a street is a confused 
bungle incapable of greatness. In our remarkable South- 
ern California progress we see a good many cases of this 



EUCALYPTUS. 5 j 

error. The development being due to individual initiative 
instead, as in Kurope, to government authority, we find a 
progress rapid and sound but with minor defects, such as 
streets and roads connecting with nothing and often platted 
into a confusion of no-thoroughfare and mixed direction 
as in Los Angeles. The tree-planting on streets is one 
of our systemic defects. Real estate men putting tracts 
on the market will often plant trees on their new streets. 
As a rule they select cheap ones that require little care. 
Blue gum and pepper are from this view the most popu- 
lar. Then comes the lot owner. Nearly always one 
or more will be found on a stretch of road who do not 
like the tree planted, no matter what it is. Occasionally 
the kicker rebels against any tree and wants sunshine 
instead. Thus we often find tract-streets and roadways 
with well grown trees of Eucalyptus or pepper but with 
the lines broken and the effects destroyed by lot-owners 
here and there who chop out the established tree and re- 
place it with something of their own fancy. We may all 
hope that after awhile it will be recognized that an ave- 
nue with one kind of tree well established may be a 
thing of beauty and renown and, to be practical, a thing 
of money value to the lot owner; while such a line, 
broken here for a few grevillias, at another point for 
palms, etc., loses all individual identity as a grand 
avenue. Such a massacre leaves the avenue perhaps bet- 
ter than if quite divested of trees, but the confusion and 
barbarism of such treatment is so painful to one capable 
of artistic feeling that an entirely fresh start on an har- 
monious plan would be preferable to any such inconse- 
quent muddling. Dr. Charles P. Murray, a road master in 
the Sierra Madre district, was one of the few road officers 



52 EUCALYPTUS. 

here in the South who appreciated this fact and acted up 
to it. His planting of sugar gums on the Lamanda and 
vSierra Madre road is a growing monument to his memory. 
But even this active and public spirited man was unable 
to secure unity along this entire line. 

These roadside gums bring us back to our muttons, 
or rather to the tree they eat. Part of this sugar gum 
road is in a sandy wash and part on a firm, strong soil. 
The trees are five years old but on the two soils appear 
to be of very different ages. Those on the sand, while 
attractive are inferior in size, density of foliage and gen- 
eral vigor to those on the red soil, and they do not look 
as old. I do not know anything that more often recalls 
in tender memories a friend and noble citizen than these 
trees which he took such care to start strongly and in 
which he took such pleasure. 

Walter Gill, Forest Conservator of South Australia, 
writes me of the great difference in the value of sugar 
gums as timber producers, due to the soil, exposure and 
climate to which they are subjected. On heavy and strong 
soil this tree, he finds, makes a valuable timber, while on 
sand locations it is not a good timber maker. The bole 
is unusually straight, stocky and clear. 

All timber trees are affected in their products in the 
same way. Cordier (Algiers) does not think sugar gum 
a good forest tree — but finds it ornamental. 

The sugar gum naturally makes a more symmetrical top 
than most of the Eucalypti. This is favorable in a road 
tree, and then, its dark green glossy foliage and striking- 
white stem with red branches, make it very attractive. 
Another good point is its resistance to heat and drought. 
To Mr. J. Ednie Brown is due the credit of discover- 



EUCALYPTUS. 53 

ing the merits of this tree for hot and dry places. In 
his report of 1 88 1-2, he says, page 12 : 

" Undoubtedly the sugar gum is the best of all our 
Eucalyptus for planting in a district where the rainfall is 
somewhat uncertain. Some 12,000 trees of this species 
were planted here (Bundaleer Reserve.) 'Of these there 
are 9,000 which have survived the dry season and have 
made excellent progress. During the dryest and most 
trying period of the year they continued to grow and looked 
well at all times. From my experience of this gum I 
cannot too highly recommend its general use for plauting 
in the drier portion of the colony." (South Australia). 

Again, in his report of 1883-4, page 25, he says of an 
interior dry reserve that the following trees did poorly and 
were unsuited to the dry interior : Eucalyptus longifolia, 
Eucalyptus amygdalina, Eucalyptus resinefera, Eucalyptus 
marginata, Eucalyptus sideropholia. "The Eucalyptus 
globulus, also all died off during the summer. This 
tree requires more moisture than is precipitated on the 
reserve under review (Mt. Brown) and the planting of it 
will consequently be discontinued here in future." 

' ' Those kinds of trees which have given satisfaction in 
the plantation of this reserve are Eucalyptus corynocalyx 
(sugar gum), Eucalyptus leucoxylon (South Australian 
blue gum) Eucalyptus viminalis (manna gum), Eucalyptus 
cornuta (yate gum), and E. gomphocephala (tooart gum)." 

Coming down to '92 we find in that year's report from 
South Australia an inventory of the colony's nursery stock 
available for planting which shows the favor in which the 
leading trees stood from the experiences of the 29 Reser- 
ves and numerous planting grounds. Here are the princi- 
pal trees : 



54 EUCALYPTUS. 

Eucalyptus corynocalyx, sugar gum 281,958 

" globulus, blue gum 4,7 10 

leucoxylon, S. A. blue gum 6,498 

rostrata, S. A. red gum 1,741 

viminalis, manna gum 18,149 

cornuta, yate gum 17,481 

calophylla, W. A. red gum i,499 

gomphoeephala, tooart gum. .... 935 

marginata, jarrah 2,000 

Pinus insignis, Monterey pine 60, 174 

" maritima, cluster pine 36,814 

" halepensis, Aleppo pine 21,604 

" pinea, stone pine 1.695 

Cupressus sempervirens 2,298 

Ulmus suberosa, cork elm 1,700 

Quercus robur, English oak 15,712 

pedunculata, English oak 3,000 

Acer pseudo-platanus, sycamore 1,880 

Melia azederach, white cedar 4,019 

Schinus molle, pepper tree 6,645 

Tamarix gallica 5,864 

Juglans regia, walnut 8,270 

Salix Babylonica, weeping willow 2,566 

Olea Europea, olive 5,655 

Populus fastigata, poplar 4,742 

This nursery stock was planted under the direction of 
Mr. Walter Gill, Mr. Brown's successor, thus eliminating 
the personal equation. 

Eucalyptus leucoxylon in the above list, is the white, 
smooth barked or typical tree of that species. It is gen- 
erally spoken of as the South Australia blue gum, while 
Eucalyptus sideroxylon is called an ironbark. 



EUCALYPTUS. 55 

The same proportion is presumable in the popularity of 
the trees, as is shown in this list. Such a list would not 
correspond with California tree popularity. It demonstrates 
however the high esteem in which the sugar gum has 
come to be held in South Australia. The South Australian 
reports show continued popularity of the sugar gum over all 
other trees. 

Another South Australian report gives the principal 
trees planted in that colony during the year to have been: 

Eucalyptus corynocalyx 422,687 

globulus 48,360 

leucoxylon (S. A. blue gum) .... 14,453 

rostrata 44.040 

Pinus insignis 87,230 

pinaster 42 ,060 

Quercus robur 59,000 

The young sugar gum has nearly round leaves of the 
same dark color as the mature form and generally has a 
steel blue glint in or over the dark green. This young 
form is much more persistent in the sugar than in the blue 
gum, in fact, trees at least six years old still have the 
lower third of their foliage more or less oval. The mature 
form is lanceolate in shape. The new growth is a lively 
reddish color similar to the new wood of an apricot orchard 
seen from a distance just before the bloom. In the grow- 
ing season the tops and often one side of the trees have a 
red appearance which on the dark green foliage is pleasing. 
The botanical name of this tree (corynocalyx) refers to 
the club shape of the calyx before flowering; a shape 
peculiar to this tree alone amongst the Eucalyptus (Von 
Mueller.) The fruit is shaped similar to an Indian club and 
according to Yon Mueller is striped or grooved. The sugar 



5 6 EUCALYPTUS. 

gum fruits on my ranch have not the latter characteristic. 
The genus has one other tree similar in its fruits to the 
corynocalyx, this is Eucalyptus urnigera, a species confined 
to the alpine districts of Tasmania, there reaching a height 
of fifty feet. The descriptions of this tree that I have found 
are so meagre that I am unable to say whether the simi- 
larity renders the distinction of these difficult or not. As 
it is, the sugar and the blue gums are the two Eucalypti 
which in Southern California are now deemed most surely 
and easily recognizable. The style in the sugar gum 
is exactly like an Indian club in shape. The tree reaches 
a height of 120 feet, makes a thick stem and is exceed- 
ingly durable as posts, ties, etc. In this connection it may 
be noted that many of the most durable of Eucalyptus woods 
contain large amounts of kino-red. Sugar gum timber is 
about the least likely to warp of that of any of the gums, 
a point of high recommendation. It also resists white ants 
and insects generally and is more and more recognized as 
one of the most valuable of South Australian timbers running 
close to Eucalyptus rostrata in popularity. The sugar gum 
has been extensively planted in Southern California but in 
a scattering, ornamental way only. No bodies of this tim- 
ber in commercial quantities exist. In fact I may as well 
say here that the blue gum is the only forest tree of any 
kind planted here with a commercial end in view. The 
sugar gum resists frost better than the cornuta. At my 
ranch cornutas in the same plantation with the sugar gums 
were lightly frost burned in our recent severe weather, '93, 
while the same sized sugar gums were untouched. The 
young sugar gums, however, were lightly frosted. (These 
trees however were located in an extra cold low torrent bed). 
The sugar gum does well at the sea side when not 



EUCALYPTUS. 57 

directly exposed to the strong sea breeze. It cannot 
stand the conditions of the trade wind immediately on the 
bluff at Santa Monica without protection. A line of these 
trees planted on the bluff side of the Arcadia garden by Mr. 
J. W. Scott were badly sea burned and would have died had 
not this gentleman erected a high picket fence on the 
windward side of them. These have remained vigorous but 
cannot grow far above the fence because the sea breeze kills 
them back above that point. I first saw this open style of 
windbrake at Woodward's Garden, a zoological garden and 
place of resort in San Francisco. It was in the shape of 
an enormously high lath fence and had replaced one of 
solid boarding which had failed in its purpose. It is this 
fact which doubtless makes a tree windbreak so effective, 
and an open growing tree like Eucalyptus better than a 
close growing one like the Monterey cypress. I have seen 
orange trees that had been blown over immediately under 
the lee of a dense cypress hedge over 50 feet high while 
the orange trees immediately to windward were unmoved. 
In this case there was protection from the windbrake but 
in its front instead of in its rear. Seventh street, a great 
thoroughfare in Los Angeles, has been planted at its west 
end by the property owners with sugar gums. From this 
extensive experiment we will soon be able to judge how 
the sugar gum will succeed on a city street with sidewalks, etc. 
Eucalyptus corynocalyx does well all over this county. 
One of the best single specimens is in my garden at Santa 
Monica. Many more can be seen at Santa Monica Heights. 
One of the oldest roadside plantings of the sugar gum is 
on the Eamanda Park road in Sierra Madre, Cal. This 
road shows well what can be expected of Eucalyptus cory- 
nocalyx on both sand and good soil in our interior valleys. 



$8 EUCALYPTUS. 

EUCALPTU6 ROBUSTA. 

Previously allusion has been made to the fact that Euca- 
lyptus robusta, as we have it, varies in the cap part of the 
calyx from the typical tree of this name, in that the cap 
is the same size, or a little narrower, than the calyx tube 
while, in Von Mueller's plate the cap lid, or operculum, is 
much broader. 

Eucalyptus robusta is one of several trees known in 
Australia as mahogany, a vernacular name which excites 
the opposition of Von Mueller. 

The reddish coloring of the wood has doubtless dubbed 
these trees mahogany. There is however nothing else to 
warrant the name. Several other species of Eucalyptus 
containing considerable kino are also called mahogany. 

Eucalyptus Kirtoniana, a variety of robusta, perhaps 
the one we have, is according to experiments in India 
(Oude) reported by Von Mueller well suited to tropical 
conditions. Under these conditions this tree has grown 45 
feet in ten years (Lucknow'). Eucalyptus robusta is reported 
as specially tolerant of wet, sour or alkali lands. An experi- 
ment of Mr. Ryan and myself at the Ballona will soon 
test their value in this regard with us. 

The indications of the experiment are that Eucalyptus 
rostrata is a better tree for alkali. Eucalyptus robusta has 
now a great popularity as a road tree. Its head is 
compact and symmetrical, its leaves dark green, its flow- 
ers profuse and creamy white . The bark is rough and 
persistent. The oldest Eucalyptus robusta on a street 
that I know are on Downey avenue, East Eos Angeles, 
near Mr. Hancock Johnson's place. Fine specimens may- 
be seen at Santa Monica, one of them is at the Forestry 



I 



EUCALYPTUS. 59 

Station. The timber is of a beautiful red color and is 
used in building, etc. It also makes a good fuel. I have 
reports that indicate brittleness of mature trees in strong 
winds. 

This variety resembles somewhat Eucalyptus resinifera. 



EUCALYPTU6 RE6INIPERA, 



Eucalyptus resinifera, is a valuable tree with a large per- 
centage of kino in the wood. It does well in Southern Cali- 
fornia. While probably of equal utility with Eucalyptus 
robusta it is not so handsome a tree. Eucalyptus robusta 
under favorable conditions near the sea coast and in moist 
land is likely to prove the handsomest foliaged tree of the 
genus we have introduced. A fine specimen of the resin- 
ifera can be seen at the Forestry Station.. There are a 
number of old specimens, '76, in the Nevada Ave., park, 
Santa Monica. 

The kino of commerce is largely derived from districts 
about Sydney, and has been attributed to Eucalyptus 
resinifera. In fact it is named after this tree. It now ap- 
pears that this kino is mainly derived from Eucalyptus sid- 
erophloia and that little if any is from Eucalyptus resinifera. 

The Eucalypti containing a large percentage of kino in 
the wood have usually a small amount of oil in the foliage. 

It is therefore to be presumed that the best sanitary 
effects can not be obtained from such species. 



6o EUCALYPTUS. 

EUCALYPTUS R06TRATA. 



Eucalyptus rostrata, red gum, has both a large per- 
centage of kino in the wood and a fair percentage of oil 
in the foliage, not indeed enough oil for the best commer- 
cial results, but probably enough to give encouragement 
for its production for special sanitary effects. The valer- 
aldehyde with the oil in Eucalyptus rostrata leaves is 
claimed to have a peculiar medicinal value. The Austra- 
lian natives are reported as preferring the leaves of the 
rostrata for medicinal purposes to those of other Eucalypti. 

Eucalyptus rostrata is a stocky tree about ioo feet tall 
when mature, though occasionally observed to be 250 feet. 
It contains a considerable amount of timber for its height. 
The tree is widely distributed throughout the interior of 
Australia, along flood courses and on wet lands. 

Just as its desert habitat would indicate, we ■ find it 
resistant to extremes of heat and to more cold than the 
coast species of Eucalyptus can stand. Our experiments 
show Eucalyptus rostrata to be the all round hardiest 
species of Eucalyptus introduced into California. I am con- 
fident that it will succeed in Arizona, where so many 
Eucalypti have failed. One of our surprises was the 
drought resisting power of this species. It is one of the 
best in this respect. 

It prefers and does bast in heavy to wet lands, but 
grows well also on our dry plains in strong soil with 10 to 
15 inches of rain. While not naturally often found near 
the Australian coasts, my experiments at Santa Monica 
demonstrate that a little back from the bluff it thrives 
with vigor on our coast. 



EUCALYPTUS. 6r 

In its first years it is not attractive, but after three or 
four years the foliage seems to become brighter and 
greener, and, when rhe new shoots are coming on,, it is 
the finest green of ray of the Eucalypti we have. 

The timber of this tree is highly valued, especially for 
its durability in ground and water. This quality is attrib- 
uted to the large percentage of kino-tannin and kino-red 
the wood contains. The other species sharing with it in rep- 
utation of durability generally contain large amounts of kino. 
Some of these are Eucalyptus resinifera, Eucalyptus robusta 
Eucalyptus marginata, Eucalyptus diversicolor, Eucalyptus 
siderophloia. 

Eucalyptus rostrata has suffered in California through 
its mistaken identification with various other Eucalypti. 

I know of no specimens of Eucalyptus rostrata, except 
those about Santa Barbara in California, that antedate the 
ones grown from seed imported by me while Chairman of 
the State Board of Forestry. All trees reported as red 
gums and visited and examined by botanists have turned 
out to be other species — generally viminalis. There may 
be old, individual rostratas in the State, but certainly no 
plantations of rostrata (red gum,) as such, other than 
Cooper's were made before the Forestry Board distributions. 

This is regretable on account of the hardiness and 
value of the true lostrata. 

The vernacular name of red gum is not confined in 
Australia to the rostrata. This is one fact to which we 
may attribute the early mistakes in attempts to plant Eu- 
calyptus rostrata. 

In the San Gabriel Valley Eucalyptus rostrata is one of 
our hardiest trees and a fast grower. One of the earlier 
planted rostratas is at the place of Dr. Wernigk, in the 



6j EUCALYPTUS. 

Alhambra. It was sent to him from a Eos Angeles nur- 
sery as Eucalyptus maeulata. The growth of this tree has 
been so satisfactory that many seeds have been taken from 
it by local nurserymen and the resulting trees sold as 
" maeulata." 

I have a very fine specimen of Eucalyptus rostrata in a 
foot hill gorge on my ranch that has thriven splendidly 
amongst the native growth. Eucalypti, as a rule, do not 
thrive in California on uncleared lands in competition with 
the local scrub or trees. Algerian reports indicate the 
same fact to have been noted there. 

Outlying districts, as on the borders of the Mojave 
desert, where the conditions are scarcely semi-tropic, have 
proved the great hardiness of Eucalyptus rostrata. The value 
of its timber and its resistant qualities to heat and frost should 
insure to it a greater attention, especially in interior dis- 
tricts. Besides these advantages, it comes well from the 
seed and is hardy from the start, not suffering from damp- 
off, etc- 

Experiments being now made with Eucalyptus trees by 
Mr. Salter, near Phoenix, Arizona, show that the two 
best thus far are Eucalyptus rostrata and a variety of Eu- 
calyptus occidentalis, sent out as the yellow flowering gum. 
There are plenty of Eucalyptus rostratas about Santa 
Monica, especially on Nevada avenue and on the Heights. 
At Hon. Ellwood Cooper's estate, near Santa Barbara, 
there are some fine old groves of Eucalyptus rostrata. At 
that place it has proved to be one of the few self seeders. 
In the rich little valley at Ellwood numbers of rostratas 
have started from the seed naturally and grown into little 
groves. The habit of this tree is not so erect as that of 
Eucalyptus globulus. Consequently it does not make as 



EUCALYPTUS. 63 

good a piling as the blue gum, though more resistant and 
durable than that tree. The odor of the leaves of Euca- 
lyptus rostrata is very agreeable to me. Its characteristic 
smell is found also in the foliage of Eucalyptus tereti- 
cornis, and, as far as I have observed, only in these two. 

Leuhmann speaks of a dark red and a pale red variety 
of Eucalyptus rostrata. The pale red variety has the 
strongest timber. We do not know how to distinguish 
these varieties, and do not know which one we have. 

Experiments at the Santa Barbara wharf will bye and 
bye test the value of Eucalyptus rostrata and a number 
of other Eucalypti for piling. 



EUCALYPTUS VIMINALIS. 



Eucalyptus viminalis is here always a very different 
looking tree from Eucalyptus rostrata. As we have it the 
viminalis grows tall and is at first very slim, with droop- 
ing branchlets. Its young growth is reddish, or red brown, 
as compared with the bright assertive green of the rostrata. 
The bark is either darker and a little rougher or much 
whiter and smoother than that of Eucalyptus rostrata. 
The Eucalyptus rostrata bark is persistent, even and of ashy 
color, or reddish to old rose. The one tree is stocky, 
while the other is slim and willowy. 

There are two varieties of Eucalyptus viminalis. One 
of them has a smooth bark from decortication, much 
smoother than that of the red gum, which does not decor- 
ticate; while the other variety is rougher, with generally 
persistent bark. Most of the viminalis trees here are smooth 
barks. The best specimens of the rough barked variety 



6/ EUCALYPTUS. 

are on the Berkeley campus. At this place there is also a 
fine smooth barked specimen. 

Eucalyptus viminalis is a fast grower, hardier to frost 
and drought than the blue gum, but fails as to drought in 
light soils, where the sugar gum does well. Its foliage 
contains 16 per cent of fruit sugar to 10.42 per cent in 
that of rostrata. 

The viminalis has stood the exceptional semi-tropic 
frosts of some of our interior California valleys very well. 
When established it will resist io° F., and perhaps a lower 
temperature. In the Victorian gorges it has been noted as 
attaining a height of 320 feet. In the open, however, it 
rarely exceeds 120 feet. 

The timber of this tree varies in value, none being 
really good. That from trees in the moist gorges is best, 
while that from trees in the open is generally inferior and 
brittle. 

This tree, in the light sandy soils of the San Gabriel 
Valley old torrent beds, is slow in growth, scant in 
foliage, and in very dry years has a death rate little less 
than similarly placed blue gums. The sugar gum is the 
best tree for these places. 

The wood of Eucalyptus viminalis is remarkably fissile, 
but is not durable in the ground. It is too irregular and 
drooping in its first years of growth for a good street tree. 
There are a number planted on one road on the Santa Anita 
ranch. Some I planted very close together at the bridge 
approaches on Nevada avenue produce a pleasing effect. 
Splendid giant single specimens exist at Ellwood, near Santa 
Barbara, and one stands in the center of a minor street 
parallel to and between Fair Oaks and Orange Grove ave- 
nues, Pasadena. 



EUCALYPTUS. 

65 

EUCALYPTU6 6TUARTIANA, 



Eucalyptus Stuartiana is another Eucalyptus that has 
been planted here for rostrata. It is allied to both the 
viminalis and the rostrata, but is easily recognizable from 
either, both in the seedling form and when mature. As a 
seedling it has opposite gamophylous round leaves of a 
blue color, branchlets willowy. Eucalyptus viminalis seed- 
ling has a willowy growth, suggesting that of a running 
vine, its opposite leaves are long, pointed, and of a sat- 
urated green. Eucalyptus rostrata seedling is stiff, upright 
and totally different. The mature Stuartiana is stocky, 
bark rough, foliage grey, and young growth of a steel 
bluish glint. It is a good hardy tree here and does well. 
The best specimens I know of this tree are those planted 
by me on the National Boulevard, near the Santa Monica 
reservoir, and those at the Paradise Nursery, Pasadena. 
The outside lines of trees on the National Boulevard are 
nearly all blue gums, while the two inner lines are of differ- 
ent species of Eucalyptus. There is a sufficient uniformity 
to give dignity to the effect, while the various species give 
a pleasing variety. 

In Australia the general effect of the Eucalyptus "bush" 
and forests is monotonous and depressing. Ashey hues 
predominate and the growth is often scattered and scrawny. 
I recollect one tract in the Blue Mountains of N. S. W. 
where a Eucalyptus that shed its bark in long bands pre- 
dominated. The foliage was scant and the trees contorted. 
It was a scene that might have been created by Dore. 
There was something weirdly human about it, as though 

an army of ill fed beggars had taken root in the soil with 
5 



66 EUCALYPTUS. 

tattered covering still hanging about them. Yet it is from 
this genus that more exotic forest tree plantations have 
been made than from all other trees combined. 

Although suited to tropical, or semi-tropical and mild 
climates only, the Eucalyptus is more widely known in 
persona propria than any other exotic tree. 

The timber of Eucalyptus Stuartiana has a varying rep- 
utation. It is a very hard wood, does not burn well, nor 
split well. As fence posts it is not deemed as good as 
Eucalyptus rostrata. 



EUCALYPTUS AWGDALINA, 



Eucalyptus amygdalina is the tallest of the Aus- 
tralian trees, and the tallest tree in the world, yet the 
amygdalinas in Southern California have, in no case, 
equaled in size local blue gums. Their manner of growth 
here gives little prospect that they will ever surpass Eucalyp- 
tus globulus. The handsomest specimen in the South is at 
the place of Mrs. Jennie C. Carr, Pasadena. Another fine 
specimen is at Santa Barbara, in Mr. Cooper's place. We 
have several varieties of amygdalina in Southern California. 
Three of these are very distinct, and there are two others 
that are probably worthy of being ranked as varieties : 

i st. There is the typical amygdalina, which is, I be- 
lieve, called Eucalyptus amygdalina, variety regnans. It 
is the variety which has attained the giant stature of the 
species. This tree has rather dense foliage and is bright 
green in its young growth. The leaves are thin, and 
broader than others of this species. The branches are 



EUCALYPTUS. 67 

drooping. The flowers and fruits are small. All of the 
varieties classed as araygdalina have a characteristic odor 
of peppermint and eucalyptus, but the variety regnans has 
this in the strongest form. The bark is rough and per- 
sistent, but neither like the true stringy barks nor the 
iron barks. 

2nd. Eucalyptus amygdalina, variety augustifolia. 
This form has very narrow longish leaves, of a dark, dull 
green, not light, assertive green when young, like variety 
regnans. The leaf has the veins very obscure, and the 
odor is mild. Fruit and flowers similar to regnans. 

3rd. Eucalyptus amygdalina, variety linearis, has a 
narrow leaf but not so contracted as the angustifolia. Its 
leaves are of a bluish green color. The veins are obscure 
but visible to the naked eye. The bark of these last two 
is sometimes smooth from decortication and sometimes ap- 
proaches in appearance the bark of Eucalyptus punctata 
and even that of Eucalyptus rostrata. 

jth. Has a broader leaf, this time thick and with con- 
siderably larger fruits and flowers, bark persistent. 

5th. Is a form intermediate between No. 1 and No. 4. 
Baron Von Mueller places both Eucalyptus Risdoni and 
Eucalyptus cocci fera as varieties of the amygdalina. But 
as both of these trees have a very marked difference of 
habit and appearance, we may safely side with Bentham 
and other qualified botanists in giving them specific rank. 

In our interior valleys the two narrow leaved varieties 
are very satisfactory, grow well and make handsome trees. 
The variety regnans, however, suffers from a leaf blight 
and does not generally succeed so well. Variety angustifo- 
lia has stood severe frosts at the Northern Forestry Sta- 
tion at Chico, unharmed, and does well there. Good 



68 EUCALYPTUS. 

specimens of variety regnans may be seen at the North- 
west corner of Orange Grove avenue and California street 
in a garden, at Paradise Nurseries, Pasadena and at the 
Santa Monica Station. Prince Truebetskoi thinks that 
'Eucalyptus amygdalina will prove the most efficient 
sanitary agent of the genus, on account of its foliage 
-containing so large a percentage of oil. We cannot accept 
this claim, however, until the hygenic and medicinal value 
of Phellandreue, which in this oil takes the place of Euea- 
Jyptol, is ascertained. 

The growth of variety linearis is straggling and broadly 
branching. The foliage in the old trees is segregated in 
bunches on the limbs presenting a curious effect. Without 
being much like it, it reminds me of the appearance of one 
of our canon sycamores in winter with much mistletoe on 
it. The bark of some mature specimens is white. 

Through the public spirit of the American Ambassador 
to the Court of Great Britain, Hon. Thos. F. Bayard, I 
have received a report from the Kew authorities on the 
Eucalyptus in England. By this report it appears that 
while the cool, but never very cold climate of the Channel 
Islands is favorable to various species including Eucalyptus 
globulus, there are but four species reported that have with- 
stood the temperature of the main English island, and 
proved really successful trees. 

The growth of these species covers a period of 20 years 
or more. They are 

Eucalyptus urnigera, handsome, unknown here. 

Eucalyptus Gunnii, does very well with us. 

Eucalyptus viminalis, does very well with us. 

Eucalyptus coccifera. 

This last species we may presume to be either a form 



EUCALYPTUS. 69 

of amygdalina or an allied species. Von Mueller speaks of 
it incidentally as a probable Alpine form of Eucalyptus 
amygdalina, which has withstood on the estate of the Duke 
of Devonshire 7 F. The Kew reports give these four 
a reliable resistance to frost to io° F. 

I am inclined to think that the variety of Eucalyptus 
amygdalina, which has withstood such low temperatures at 
our old Forest Station in Chico, Cal., is also an Alpine 
form. 

Mr. Scharff, at South Pasadena, has some seedlings of 
Eucalyptus coccifera sent him from Kew. The leaves are 
opposite and oval on stems. On top the leaf color is a 
dark Lincoln green, different from the color of any Eucal- 
ypti I know. Underneath the leaf is a deep violet-magenta. 
These seedlings are peculiar in color. The leaves have the 
peppermint eucalyptus odor of amygdalina, but have not 
the strong taste of the mature form of this tree. The seed- 
ling of amygdalina bears no other resemblance whatever to 
these young coccifera. It has a grayish green look with 
long pointed leaves, and no suggestion of the deep under- 
coloring of coccifera leaves. 

The mature Eucalyptus coccifera is described as very 
glaucous. In this respect the seedlings we have are not 
like it. 

EUCALYPTUS DIVER6IC0L0R. 

Eucalyptus diversicolor, commonly called the Karri, is 
the close competitor of the peppermint tree, or Eucalyptus 
amygdalina, in size. It is also a giant. The wood of this 
tree contains a considerable amount of kino and probably 
in consequence is amongst the most durable of the genus. 



jo EUCALYPTUS. 

Prof. Maiden, however, informs me that many valued 
timbers in Australia, such as tallow wood, for instance, 
contain little or no kino. 

The leaf is dark green above and paler beneath. The 
tree in this State varies a good deal, especially in its bark. 
This is sometimes rough and persistent in large squares, 
;at other times smoother from partial decortication. Two 
trees standing together at Scharff & Shorting's Paradise 
nurseries, vary sufficiently in time of flowering, habit of 
•growth, etc., to have suggested them to be of separate 
-species. The Karri has never obtained popularity here, 
though its neglect does not seem deserved. All the speci- 
mens that I know both on the coast and inland are 
handsome rapid growing trees. 

The foliage is greener and more attractive here than 
that of most species. A Karri in my garden at Santa Mon- 
ica has made a large tree but it has proved to be brittle. 
Twice it has lost portions of its top from winds that had 
no effect on the other sixteen species about it. 

To cap the climax of these accidents an electric com- 
pany chopped off another considerable portion to suit their 
sovereign convenience. I do not think that this company 
will try this sort of thing very soon again. But its con- 
geners have a free ax for our road trees. Miles of these 
.trees where wire lines run have the mark of their vulgar 
vandalism. 

Our public officers are as blind to this business as they 
are to the distressing frequency with which common-souled 
people have chopped out sections of ornamental shade trees 
on our roads. Sometimes these choppings are for firewood, 
sometimes from a mere whim and at others for the purpose 
-of the substitution of some other tree. 



EUCALYPTUS. ji 

The most beautiful as well as the hardiest of our road 
trees is the feathery green -foliaged scarlet-berried pepper 
(Schinus molle). I have seen persons with a few feet of 
road frontage chop out superb specimens of this beautiful 
tree from a planted and established roadway of them. Then 
they would put in some short lived grevilleas, some palm or 
other tree. 

Even in cases where a local substitution was of a 
handsomer tree the effect of such a piece of work could 
only be ugly, spoiling the effect and force of the general 
shaded roadway, breaking the unity in time and line 
beauty. A tree-shaded roadway is always effective, no 
matter what the tree is, providing the plan of planting is 
harmonious. Amongst the streets planted to shade trees in 
Santa Monica by Mr. J. \Y. Scott at the laying out of 
that town many years ago, is Nevada avenue. This ave- 
nue was planted with Eucalyptus globulus, which, owing 
to the favorable climate, has made a specially satisfactory 
growth. The avenue, as a whole, had a beaut) 7 due to 
the large size of the trees and the dignity of its harmo- 
nious planting. Vet, from time to time, one lot owner or 
another has cut out the blue gums; in one place planting 
peppers, in another grevilleas, in another palms, until now 
it is a broken medley of little and big, old and young 
trees of inharmonious character without force or effect. 
Both the lot owners and the authorities were doubtless 
well intentioned, but were aesthetically blind. 

There is no more beautiful and no grander road tree 
than the American elm, still this fact would not justify, 
nor even excuse, a man for cutting, on his own small 
frontage, four lindens, in such an avenue as that near 
Weisbaden, to replace them with elms. The cutting out 



7 2 EUCALYPTUS. 

of live oaks in the cemetery drive at Savannah for the 
same purpose would be an equally barbarous vulgarity. 
Nor would a personal preference for the oak excuse the 
cutting of ancient elms in a New England village to plant 
acorns. 

Some day we may hope that ignorance in road tree 
matters will be less, and that where it does exist a check 
will be found in an honest, firm and efficient adminis- 
tration of the public interests. 

The timber of the Karri, under Australian experiments, 
was found tough, even stronger than Knglish oak, but is 
reported much affected with star shakes. It is one of our 
most rapid growers. 

Dr. A berg, in his experiments on the Rio de la Plata, 
Argentine, found the Karri the fastest grower ot any 
species, with corymbosa and globulus second, and leucox- 
ylon and siderophloia third. 

In my plantations at Santa Monica I found the Gunnii 
the fastest grower for the first few years. In the San Ga- 
briel .Valley, in the earliest plantation of Eucalyptus near 
the present Kast San Gabriel Hotel, the blue gums are 
broad spreading and very large, some nearly 200 feet. 
Amongst them is one Eucalyptus Gunnii, thrifty, but not 
over 50 ieet high. The trees are all on a roadway. 

Thus it will be seen that the fastest growing trees, such 
as the acacias, grevilleas, and of the Eucalypti, Eucalyptus 
Gunnii amongst others, cannot, from that fact, be relied on to 
maintain their early, high-growing speed. Eucalyptus 
globulus is, indeed, a phenomenon in this way and in fav- 
orable locations will maintain its rapid growth up to eighty 
or one hundred feet. Its fastest growth is in youth, while 
our lovelv red live oaks spend their first four or five 



EUCALYPTUS. 73 

years from the acorn in thoroughly establishing themselves. 
While these oaks never grow very fast till after the fifth 
year, their progress in my experiment has been satisfactory. 
This different time of fastest growth may be due to the 
different type of root growth. The blue gum is naturally 
rather a surface root tree, while Quercus agrifolia is a deep 
root delver. These characteristics might indicate that the 
blue gum is a native of moist regions and our live oak of 
dry ones. Frequently blue gums blow over because of 
their shallow hold on the soil. I have never seen such au 
accident befall Quercus agrifolia. This oak is my favorite 
tree, but the best growth from the acorn in my plantings 
is twenty-seven feet in twelve years. 

Quercus agrifolia has, locally, the widest range of 
any of our Southern California trees. It luxuriates with 
the rich-leaved alder and the willow, by the springs, 
courses down the sandy torrent beds, hand in hand with 
great sycamores, even to the spray line of the sea, wanders 
out into the open plain with the gnarled and thorny blue 
oak, and then, like some sweet, confiding maid, ventures 
with all her beauties, far into the dark canons, where, 
amongst the graceful fronds of the fern brake, where the 
oblivious sing-song of some murmuring brook goes on in 
endless monologue, she, half hiding in the heavy shades of 
green, now greets the haughty golden oak, or gives a hand 
to some hardy rough browed spruce that has dared the 
dangerous cliff descent to the valley's verge for such a 
lovely sweetheart's sake. 

Eucalyptus diversicolor has suffered more than usually 
from a general botanic name confusion. Outside of Aus- 
tralia it is almost everywhere called Eucalyptus colossea. 
This case of confusion grew out of giving specific rank to 



7/ EUCALYPTUS. 

the extraordinary vigor, size, and somewhat changed appear- 
ance of this tree in its favorite moist mountain gorges. 

It seems to a layman, or, as we might say with col- 
loquial aptness, to a man up a tree, as though much of 
the re-naming and resulting confusion in botany might be 
obviated. 

There should be a statute of limitations on names, so 
that those used and accepted for a certain time should re- 
main fixed at least as to honorary specific designations. 

There should also be some regard to decency and the 
canons of good taste. 

For a long time we had a beautiful American magnolia, 
labelled very satisfactorily, "Magnolia grandifiora." It 
seems that some person delving in obscure and musty 
records found a prior name, or one claimed to be so, and 
now we suffer under the affliction of Magnolia foetida. This 
in plain English is "stinking" magnolia. This ill-smelling 
name I, for one, will never accept. 

Several trees have " Pseudo " set in their names, as 
Pseudo-tsuga taxifolii, our old Abies Douglasi, and Rob- 
inia Pseud-acacia and acer Pseudo-platanus. 

It has always ruffled my temper to see accomplished 
naturalists so little in touch, as shown in such names, with 
the grand mission of nature. To accuse nature of falsify- 
ing in such matter as oui Oregon pine, the greatest of all 
timber trees, is the sign manual of a congenital defect in 
the rut-bound bis-baptismal sponsor. 

Records on the durability of Eucalyptus diversicolor 
timber vary a great deal, and are perhaps due to the dif- 
ferent conditions of soil and humidity where the trees grew 
from which the timber was taken. Mr. Walter Gill, the 
accomplished conservator of forests of South Australia, calls 



EUCALYPTUS. 

special attention to this variability in the character of 
Eucalyptus woods. Eucalyptus marginata has been noted 
as varying to the extent of 33 per cent, in its contents of 
kino. Our yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) has a wide 
range in the west, and varies in its timber value with its 
situation. Probably all trees do the same. 

The age of trees, and their vi.a;or of growth for their 
age, have much to do with the character of their timber. 
The season of the year when they are cut and the curing 
afterward should also be investigated. I can remember an 
opinion that was often acted on that the Southern live- 
oak could only attain its highest value when seasoned 
under water. 

It may be seen, if this opinion be presumed correct, 
that tests of live-oak differently cured might give results 
not uniform as to the value of the timber. 

Another source of possible error is the laxity as to exact 
identification of the -species of trees from which timber for 
testing is taken. 

Some years ago piling of "Eucalyptus marginata" was 
brought to San Francisco and tested on the sea wall. In 
one year it was riddled with teredo. I saw the piles after 
they were pulled and I could not believe that they really 
were from the Jarrah, a world - renowned teredo and white 
ant resistant. 

The precaution taken to obtain marginata timber from 
its best districts or even to be secure that it was margi- 
nata at all were in my opinion inadequate. Specimens of 
Karri may be seen at Paradise Nurseries and at Forestry 
Station. 



7 6 EUCALYPTUS. 

EUCALYPTUS GUNNII. 

Eucalyptus Gunnii is a green, attractive looking and 
rapid growing tree. It is one of the best frost resisters of 
the genus, but contains only a small amount of the oil and 
active principle of the Eucalyptus. It consequently can not 
be ranked high as a sanitary tree. The foliage, or rather the 
leaves individually are wavy or kinked, suggesting the mild 
application of a fluting iron. 

The sap of this tree is reported to be used by settlers 
in Australia for a fermented drink resembling cider. It is 
doubtless due to this fact that it has received its common 
name of cider gum. It is often a very fantastic grower in 
California. I have a tree of this species in my Santa Mo- 
nica garden that has bent entirely over and sweeps the 
ground with its branches. The timber is not valuable. 
Specimens can be seen at Scharff's, at the Forestry Station, 
and one old one opposite the East San Gabriel Hotel. 



EUCALYPTUS POLYANTHEHA. 

One of the species that has seemed to me particularly 
attractive is Eucalyptus polyanthema. This is called the 
Den tree in Australia from a native name, and perhaps more 
often red box from the color of the timber. The wood is 
very durable. 

The tree usually of moderate size, sometimes reaches a 
height of 250 feet. It is native to rather dry rolling country. 

The foliage is for the most part oval and plentiful, with 
a white blue silvery tinge. The branchlets profuse in flowers, 



EUCAL YPTUS. 77 

from which its name is derived, are still more silvery with 
the same delicate powdering as that of the young blue gum. 
Indeed it is far more a harmony in silver-grey than any 
■plant I know. The artichoke, the African honey plant, the 
Eeucodendron argenteum, the Deodar cedar, and the young 
blue gum are more silvery or blue-grey, but the poly- 
anthema has the advantage that throughout its silvery foli- 
age are scattered the delicate flower panicles still more 
silvery. The Leucodendron argenteum is the most pro- 
nounced tree of this sort. It is however stiff and hard 
to raise from seed. 

In seeking for a silver-grey foliage effect the olive 
should never be forgotten. It is more purely a silver-grey 
than any tree I know, except the silver Iyeucodendron. It 
surpasses this tree on account of its hardiness and the 
charming grace of its growth in youth and its character 
and individuality in age. The olive in California is a 
handsomer tree than it is in Europe. 

The Himalayan silver cedar has a distinctly green base. 
It is a beautiful tree. The silvery Eucalyptus that I know, 
as I go over them in my mind, have their assertive blue or 
silver coloring, mainly due to a sort of powdery exudation. 
The base color of their leaves is usually a dull green. 
Some have that silvery coloring in youth only, as the blue 
gum, with a persistence in age on the fruit alone, some 
have it more in age, as variety pallida of sideroxylon 
some have it more at one season than at another, as in 
Eucalyptus polyanthema, and others do not have it at all. 

The drawback to the olive is its proneness to attack by 
black scale, a parasite that takes its name from the olive. 
The black scale is ugly in itself and besides exudes a 
gummy substance that falls on the foliage and branches 



7 8 EUCALYPTUS. 

below it and becomes at once the home of a black fungus. 
This materially injures the appearance of the olive and 
markedly diminishes, and even destroys, its normally beau- 
tiful silvery foliage. 

The lace wing fly, or one of the ladybirds has, with me, 
destroyed the black scale on my olives. The scale is not 
exterminated, but persists in such small number as to be 
unnoticeable. It may be that some other enemy helps keep 
the scale down, but the little bored holes in the scale 
show the lace wing's work to be important. 

The timber of Eucalyptus polyanthema is useful, being 
very tough and hard to split. The tree is a moderate grower, 
and it is reported by Von Mueller to have withstood the 
out-door temperature of Kew. To these material advan- 
tages it adds a unique beauty. The habit of growth of this 
Red box is also graceful, each leaf being attached to the 
branch by a slender stem. 

This tree at Mr. Scharff's, in South Pasadena, has done 
well, and the specimens at Santa Monica are vigorous and 
attractive. It deserves a wider attention than it has 
received. The seeds can be obtained from any of the trees 
named. 

EUCALYPTUS LONGIFOLIA. 

Eucalyptus longifolia is a persistent barked, moderate 
sized tree, native to the New South Wales plains, between 
the Coast and the Blue Mountains, which climatically cut 
that portion of Australia in such distinct divisions. It is 
called the Wooly Butt and is mainly used for fuel. It is 
named for its exceptionally long sickle shaped leaves which 
at times are found even over a foot in length. Here 



EUCALYPTUS 79 

the leaves have not shown unusual lengths. The tree 
grows very well with us and is a profuse and nearly con- 
stant bloomer. The flowers carry 'a full supply of fine 
nectar. Prof. A.. J. Cook, our distinguished authority on 
the apiary, calls attention to the value of this tree in bee 
culture. He has observed it at Claremont, on the foothills 
of the Pomona Valley, and speaks highly of its constant 
popularity with bees. 

Bees are not themselves popular with fruit men in Cal- 
ifornia. Vast quantities of fruits are dried with us each 
season and no inconsiderable toll on these is levied by the 
bees. Bees, however, we have always with us, when not 
domesticated and the toiling serf of man they are wild 
and, at least along the mountain ranges, seem as numerous 
and damaging as when housed and made useful. 

The greatest injury is done by bees to the extra early 
and extra late drying fruit. Probably they take more 
sugar where the sunniest ranch lands are filled with drying 
apricots as golden as the poppy or with peaches, but we 
do not then feel it so much for the percentage of loss from 
these large quantities is small. When it comes to such 
fruit as pears, that seem specially attractive to bees, there 
are districts here where we can not dry them in the open. 
The bees eat them up. E. Bonine, at Lamanda Park, had 
a painful experience in this line. 

Prof. Cook speaks of another species of Eucalyptus 
from Riverside, not yet identified, which is reported as an 
apicide. It seems both attractive and fatal to bees, like a 
Parisian Phryne to an uncharactered richling. I am afraid 
that if the fruit men get hold of this species there will be 
many a bee-break in the drying districts. I have no confi- 
dence in the accuracy of this report. 



EUCALYPTUS. 

Specimens of Eucalyptus longifolia may be seen at 
Claremont, also opposite the Throop Polytechnic and next 
to a church, Pasadena, and in the City Park, Nevada ave- 
nue, Santa Monica. 



Eucalyptus Sideroxylon and Eucalyptus Leucoxyfon. 



These two have been ranked as one species by Von 
Mueller and Beutham, but seem to warrant separation. 

Eucalyptus sideroxylon is a great tree for our dry inte- 
rior valleys. It is a handsome tree at ScharfP s and Shortings, 
and at Santa Monica, with blue grey foliage and scarlet 
flowers. In South Australia the smooth barked Eucalyptus 
leucoxylon is amongst the most successful in the trying 
interior forest stations of that colon}-. The flowers of both 
these species vary in color, from pale yellow to flesh pink, 
and, as we may note in the specimen cited, they some- 
times tend to red. They vary also in the persistence of the 
bark. As the common white gum in the open country 
most of the bark peels off, while as the Ironbark on the 
stony ridges the bark is persistent, of dark color, and 
deeply fissured. Some specimens were introduced here long 
ago as Eucalyptus sideroxylon, or Iron wood. 

These two species or two varieties of leucoxylon, the 
one usually branching into several stems or branches near 
the ground, with grey smooth bark, pink or white flowers 
and pale colored wood; and the other (sideroxylon) single 
stemmed and stocky in growth, with generally red flowers, 
dark rough red bark, and red wood seem to deserve specific 
rank in each case. Besides these points Prof. Maiden has 
noted the marked difference of the kino from these trees. 



EUCALYPTUS. Si 

Eucalyptus leucoxylon or white gum or South Aus- 
tralian blue gum is a native of South Australia, while 
Eucalyptus sideroxylon is a native of New Sonth Wales. 
When I speak of the ornamental leucoxylon I refer to 
what we introduced as Eucalyptus sideroxylon. Von 
Mneller does not recognize this as a species, but I think 
that it again will be thus ranked. 

Bentham's Eucalyptus leucoxylon var. pallida is doubt- 
less our silver leafed sideroxylon. We have here varieties 
of leucoxylon or sideroxylon as follows: 

i. The white barked branching South Australian form. 
This tree can be seen in great vigor at Santa Monica 
Heights; flowers white and pink. 

2. Rough persistent barked variety, with dense green 
foliage and pink flowers, a profuse bloomer, and a sub- 
variety with white or yellow flowers. The white flowered 
ironbark at Santa Monica is a shy bloomer. A splendid 
display of the green foliaged pink flowered ones may be 
seen at EHwood, Santa Barbara. 

3. Rough persistent red barked, red flowered and with 
silvery grey foliage. Also a profuse bloomer. 

This tree can be seen at the Paradise Nursery, Pasa- 
dena, and at the Santa Monica Forestry station. 

The most recent information I have from Australia indi- 
cates that these rough persistent barked forms are now 
ranked as Eucalyptus sideroxylon. The original name is 
thus renewed for the ironwood. 

This tree is usually of moderate growth but is reported 
exceptionally at 200 feet. In the bottom lands of Victoria 
the smooth barked form, or Eucalyptus leucoxylon, is the 
companion of Eucalyptus rostrata. It does well in moist 
tropical climates as well as in the drv interior of por- 

6 



82 EUCAL YPTUS. 

tions of Australia. Its seedling, of S. A. form, has nar- 
row or more often nearly cordate opposite sessile leaves. 
In its early and rather vine-like habit of growth it reminds 
one of the viminalis seedling without being like it. The 
wood, like that of many Eucalypti, is heavier than water. 
Eucalyptus sideroxylon var. pallida is a beautiful tree. The 
grey of the foliage sets off the striking pink of the flowers. 
The stems of the leaves are of similar color. Pink is the 
nearest description for the color, but it is Australian pink. 
From our limited local experience we are self-satisfied 
enough to term many of the Australian growths fantastic. 
We might say this also of some of its flower colors. The 
sideroxylon flower for instance is neither red, scarlet, pink 
nor magenta, but a sort of mixture of all these colors. The 
nearest name for it is that which a nurseryman gave, "a 
madder pink." The color is brilliant. The bark on 
nearly all our specimens is hard, persistent and deep iron 
red. The trees are attractive, indeed handsome. 

The name ' ' leucoxylon ' ' means white wood, and is very 
appropriate to the tree Eucalyptus leucoxylon as found at 
Santa Monica. Eucalyptus sideroxylon or the iron wood 
produces a straight bole and a more valuable timber than 
Eucalyptus leucoxylon. In Eucalyptus leucoxylon the flow- 
ers are nearly always three to the umbel. In Eucalyptus 
sideroxylon the flowers are usually more numerous. In fact 
the white or lemon-colored flowers are the only ones of sid- 
eroxylon that I have observed in threes. The pale yellow 
flowers with their prominent crimson style are attractive, 
but too few to satisfy us. The shape of the fruits of 
Eucalyptus sideroxylon vary considerably. The fruits of 
Mr. Cooper's trees are nearly if not quite hemispheric, while 
the fruits here are generally elliptical. The fruits of Euca- 



EUCALYPTUS. 

83 

lyptus leucoxylon are larger than those of Eucalyptus sid- 
eroxylon but resemble them here more than our sideroxylon 
fruits resemble those at Mr. Cooper's. There is no possi- 
bility of confusing these species when once seen growing. 
The one is a spreading white barked tree with comparatively 
scanty foliage, very persistent fruits in great quantities, and 
withal rather pleasing — while the other has a rough rusty 
or dark colored bark with dense foliage, and grows in an 
erect concentrated form, and is always attractive and some- 
times beautiful. 



EUCALYPTUS MICROTHECA 

Is reported the most suited of the whole genus of tree size 
to torrid desert conditions. Mr. K. H. Bennett reports it as 
reaching a height of eighty teet, and a diameter of four feet. 
Von Mueller gives more of the native names of this tree 
than of any other, viz.: " Tan goon " in Riverina, " Callaille " 
on the Murchison River, also " Yathoo " and in Queens- 
land " Coolybah." 

It is a very important tree to the natives, for it is mainly 
from the roots of this Eucalyptus that they obtain water 
when all other sources fail. The method of obtaining water 
is reported by Von Mueller as follows: 

"The lateral roots are lifted by the natives with sharp 
pointed sticks or thin spears to the surface from about a foot 
or less in depth and to a distance of fifteen or more feet 
from the tree, the overlying earth when necessary being re- 
moved by wooden shovels The root is then cut into pieces 
of about 18 inches in length then the bark is peeled off; if 
the water, on placing these fragments vertically, does not 
at once commence to ooze out spontaneously, the process is 



EUCALYPTUS. 

expedited by blowing vigorously at one of the ends of the 
root pieces ; roots of the size of a man's wrist are the best 
for this operation." 

"Mr. Bennett obtained in most favorable cases by these 
means a great pot full of w r ater in half an hour and found 
it beautifully clear, cool and free from any unpleasant taste. 
Mr. J. Cairns refers also fully to the water-yielding Euca- 
lyptus as weir-mallee. The courageous explorer, Edw. John 
Eyre, gave likewise an account of this process, for obtaining 
water. Roots from depressions in the ground yield the fluid 
most copiously. Main roots near the stem are not suffi- 
ciently porous for obtaining water therefrom. Messrs. Muir 
saw desert Eucalypti also used widely in Southwestern Aus- 
tralia for obtaining drinking water from the roots, the abo- 
riginees having entirely to depend on this source for water 
in many of their hunting excursions, the roots chosen being 
about one inch in thickness, the surrounding soil being often 
dust dry." 

Eucalyptus populifolia and the mallee-scrub are also 
known to give water from the roots, but to a less extent 
than micro theca. 

Prospectors in our south-western deserts use various 
kinds of cactus to obtain water. One of the best of these 
is a tall columnar looking cactus. The method I have 
heard of as used in this case is as follows : 

A cut is made near the base of the cactus something 
like a turpentine blaze, square and cut out at the bottom. 
This depression rapidly fills with water, which, though 
good, is not entirely free from an acid taste. Stock has 
been saved in Southern California in the old days by burn- 
ing off the spines of the Tune cactus and then giving 
frasrments to the cattle to chew. 



EUCALYPTUS. 85 

Many of our animals inhabiting the desert or waterless 
plains near these have no known means of obtaining water 
for long seasons. Sheep on green pasture are not usually 
watered, I am informed. I recollect the surprise I felt 
years ago in observing the small amount of water used by 
the Bedouins of the Libyan desert when travelling. It 
would seem from this that some of the animals and even 
some men can do well on a very small amount of fluid. 

Many dreadful deaths have happened from thirst on the 
burning Colorado desert. Probably very few of these would 
have occurred had the travellers known all of the resources 
about them. 

The death of all the members of an emigrant train to- 
gether with all of their animals from thirst, in the Desert 
of Death Valley, took place on a part of that arid waste 
where water was only eight feet below the surface of the 
soil. A few strokes of the shovel would have saved the 
whole party. 

The seeds of microtheca are small. While some of the 
gums have good sized fruits like the large-leaved, wing- 
seeded Foelsheana, of Port Darwin, or like calophylla, (the 
kino-charged guarantor of health, not assaiuitor but 
judicious selector of healthy sites,) the Eucalyptus as a rule 
has small seeds. Small or dwarf species are the usual har- 
bors of exception, but the giants of the genus, like the 
Karri, regnans, globulus, viminalis, etc., all have small 
seeds. So with us the giant sequoias have minute seeds, 
while the Pinus coulteri, the pinon, the Torrey pine, the 
mesquit and our oaks have large generally edible seeds. I 
know of no Eucalyptus seed that is edible, though some 
of the larger ones may be. 

I have found so many of our arborescent species, whose 



86 EUCALYPTUS. 

habitat is in dry or desert location, with large well stored 
seeds, that I have thought this useful characteristic an evo- 
lution forced from the severe conditions these species must 
contend with. Now comes this desert tree from Australia 
with such small fruits and seeds as to get its name from 
this characteristic. 

The range of this tree in Australia corresponds in a 
general way with that of our very valuable desert mesquite 
(Prosopis juliflora.) The mesquite is valuable for forage, 
fuel, food and honey. I have seen several large specimens 
of the tree in Southern California, notably two at the Pur- 
cell place, San Gabriel. I think that the tree should be 
planted in Arizona. While perhaps a little slow at first, 
it is sure to succeed generally in that section of country. 

The specimens at San Gabriel were attractive with 
feathery foliage suggesting certain acacias. 

Microtheca is a tree well worthy of extensive trial in 
the more trying situations of our southwestern country. I 
am unable to find any record of its planting or rate of 
growth. It appears to be a surface root tree and in this 
respect the opposite of our Californian valley oaks. These 
trees send their roots straight down and quite out of the 
way. The cactus and yuccas have very short roots that 
possess an extraordinary capacity of seizing a supply of 
moisture from the semi-occasional torrential rains of the 
desert region, and of holding the same for long periods. 

Thos. A. West, a mining man of intelligence, tells me 
that some years ago he brought a young columnar cactus 
from the Colorado desert and hung it under the mantel 
shelf of his sitting room fire place at Glendora, surely a 
dry and trying place for any plant. 

For three years this cactus suffered but little in appear- 



EUCALYPTUS. 87 

ance, every January putting out a few rootlets as though 
seeking moisture, and then died. 

These desert plants are so organized as to withstand 
several years of drought. I presume that the Australian 
Mallee, Eucalyptus microtheca and other species of the arid 
interior must have the same power, and if the water for 
their existance be not stored in the body of the plant as 
in Agave, cactus, etc., it will be found in the roots. 



EUCALYPTUS CORINUTA. 



Eucalyptus cornuta, the "yate," is a very attractive, 
graceful tree. Its foliage is greener than that of the blue 
gum and tends to persist in the round or oblong form of 
leaf. It is a rapid grower and resists drought on light 
soil better than Eucalyptus globulus or Eucalyptus vimin- 
alis. Eucalyptus cornuta is one of our hardiest and fastest 
growing Eucalypti. The bark is a pleasant light drab 
color and nearly smooth. The tree grows tall, has great 
vigor in our valleys, and the timber is valuable. I have 
observed old specimens with only scant amounts of fruit. 

As a rule the Eucalypti are free fruiters and many of 
them carry their profusion of seed boxes so long as to 
form distinct disfiguration. In habit this tree is low 
branching and is consequently not perfectly suited for a 
road tree. I planted about a mile of road with these trees 



EUCALYPTUS. 

at Santa Monica. Fortunately it was a double row plan- 
tation on each side of the road with Eucalyptus globulus 
on the outside. In this combination it made an attractive 
avenue. Alone, however, it might have been unsatisfactory. 
While it does branch low the Yate makes a large handsome 
tree with plenty of foliage. Mr. Scharff's specimen is one of 
his best trees. The growth of one in my Santa Monica 
garden has been exceptionally satisfactory. The flowers are 
so large and close in the umbel that each umbel looks 
like a large single pompon flower of delicate light green 
or light straw color. Its name comes from the long horn- 
like cap of the flower. 



EUCALYPTUS LEHMANNI. 



A very near ally of Eucalyptus cornuta is Eucalyptus 
Lehmanui. The latter is shorter, has larger fruits and 
flowers and is specially distinguished by having the fruits 
on each umbel all confluent forming a large ball that 
suggests the wasps nests of my boyhood experience. 

Large Eucalyptus Lehmanni can be seen at Ellwood. 
There are a few about Santa Monica, especially at the 
Forestry Station. 

Besides the points named the leaf of this species is 
.shorter and thicker than that of Eucalyptus cornuta. It 
is not so attractive a tree as the Yate. The effect of the 
persistent large balls of fruits is very peculiar. 



EUt 'ALYPTUS. 



EUCALYPTUS DORATOXYLON, 



Eucalyptus doratoxylon is a slim, but very pretty 
growing tree. It is the favorite source of spear wood for 
the Australian natives and derives its common name from 
this reason. 

This tree, with Eucalyptus pilularis which is still more 
elegant, and one might say stylish, should be marked as 
useful for special places in ornamental plantings. The 
wood of both trees is tough, durable and useful. A fair 
specimen is growing at the Heights. Another tree of 
similar tall and slim habit is 



EUCALYPTUS MACULATA UAR, (ITRIODORA, 



This is a fast growing tree of tough and durable tim- 
ber. The leaves when crushed have a strong lemon scented 
odor suggesting hair oil — but withal pleasantly. The young 
growth is hairy and the leaves spring from the stems with 
about one-quarter of their length inside — that is, the stem, 
instead of having the leaf grow from its end has the leaf 
over it, one-quarter on one side and three-quarters on the 
other; what botanists call peltate or shield like. 



go EUCALYPTUS. 

I planted a citriodora in an old clump of trees in my 
garden for the sake of its fragrant leaves. It grew so fast 
that it soon passed out of hand reach and then out of 
ordinary ladder reach. It is now about sixty feet to the 
first limb. The stem is straight, smooth and of a warm 
grey color with a smallish head of sickle-shaped branchlets 
that respond to the breezes' slightest breath. In my tree 
clump the citriodora now stands as a steeple does to a 
church. 

Last spring two blue grey mountain squirrels fell in love 
in this little grove. While Miss squirrel sat in an olive 
amongst scarlet bignonias, her fiery-hearted swain showed 
daring feats in the bending Eucalyptus limbs, swinging 
from one to another, and then making wild leaps down 
into a camphor tree. I enjoyed the courtship perhaps as 
much as the squirrels, and paid them with a blind eye to 
their orange eating. 

Nurserymen here have promoted the citriodora to spe- 
cific rank. As far as the foliage goes it certainly deserves 
a name of its own, for the leaves of Eucalyptus mac- 
ulata proper are reported to be entirely without the fra- 
grant odor of Eucalyptus citriodora. I know of no macu- 
lata other than those of this variety in Calitornia. 

The leaves of citriodora properly cured make a pleasant 
sachet or fragrant sofa pillow. 

The timber of this tree is very valuable. A still more 
fragrant foliaged tree is Eucalyptus Staigeriana, the lemon 
scented ironbark. I know of none of these here. Some 
of the finest old specimens of Eucalyptus citriodora are at 
Ellwood. In these the foliage is in great drooping clusters, 
giving a unique effect with the smooth white bark. The 
foliage is greener than usual in this genus. 



EUCAL YPTUS. gi 

EUCALYPTUS GOflPHOCEPHALA. 

Eucalyptus gomphocephala is a thick, green foliaged 
tree from Western Australia. J. Ednie Brown's reports 
from Adelaide gave me great expectations from this tree. 
At the Santa Monica Forestry Station it has proved a 
comparatively slow grower and shy fruit bearer. The calyx 
or seed urn has an exceptionally large lid, from which 
its name is derived. This means peg head. 

The south Australian reports show small plantings of this 
tree in recent years. 

It is a stocky tree with symmetrical head and plentiful 
foliage. Its timber is very valuable. 

The only large Eucalytus gomphocephala I know are at 
Mr. Cooper's Santa Barbara ranch (Ellwood). There are sev- 
eral handsome tall ones there in a rich little bottom land. 
The timber is valuable. The young seedling is of a light 
bright green color, a point one might not consider in some 
other plants that do not vary so much from the ordinary in 
their color and forms as the Eucalyptus do. 



EUCALYPTUS OCCIDENTALS 



A Western Australian tree that we have tried that has 
grown well is Eucalyptus occidentalis. 

The characteristic form of this tree has a bell-shaped 
calyx tube with sharply protruding valves and foliage very 
similar to that of Eucalyptus cornuta. The flowers of this 
form are white or creamv. There are verv few of these in 



9 2 EUCALYPTUS. 

California. There are some old ones at Ellwood, some 
at the Santa Monica Forestry Station and another at the 
Heights. The timber is valuable and the tree resists 
drought well. The foliage is quite thick and bunchy. 
There is another form of this tree that is very ornamental. 
We have called it Eucalyptus occidentalis just as we have 
called Eucalyptus Kirtoniana, Eucalyptus robusta, when it 
was at the least a variety, and Eucalyptus sideroxylon, Euca- 
lyptus leucoxylon, but this latter confusion is due to our 
great Australian botanist. The form of Eucalyptus to which 
I allude is between Eucalyptus occidentalis and obcordata 
and it might just as well be called a variety of obcordata 
as of occidentalis, if not given specific rank. 

It varies from Eucalyptus obcordata in having the um- 
bel stalk less twisted, less broad and the fruit less angular 
and the border not so contracted; in fact it is less exaggera- 
ted. The foliage is a darker green and the leaves more 
irregular in shape, having the mid rib often all on one side, 
than obcordata. It grows to be a taller tree, for our obcor- 
data is more of a bush. Eucalyptus obcordata has the 
calyx sessile to the stalk while our Eucalyptus occidentalis, 
which for convenience I shall name var. Californica, varies 
from it in having long stalklets. Var. Californica varies 
from Eucalyptus occidentalis in having broader stalks and 
stalklets, angular fruit, not bell-shaped but urn-shaped, and 
larger; the leaves thicker, greener, oblong or round crenu- 
lated and irregular and scattered instead of bunched. The 
leaf color is a Lincoln green. The flowers of Eucalyptus 
obcordata are of a dull inconspicuous red; those of Euca- 
lyptus occidentalis white, while those of var. Californica 
are of a brilliant warm red which against the dark green 
leaves and with the creamy white stem produce a charming 



EUCALYPTUS. 93 

effect. There is also a var. Californiea with a yellow 
flower; this is a companion tree of Eucalyptus rostrata in 
Arizona. These two alone thus far being thrifty under its 
fiery summer sun. 

The yellow -flowered var. Californiea can be seen at the 
Paradise Nursery and at Santa Monica Heights, also at 
Ell wood ; the red-flowered one at the Forestry Station. 

Eucalyptus occidentalis var. Californiea is a very at- 
tractive tree. The specimens planted by me at Santa 
Monica Heights are amongst the thriftiest and handsomest 
trees there. The bark is mottled white in effect from the 
small scaling off of the old outer brownish layer. The 
branches are very brittle. The red flowered var. Californi- 
ea is worth} 7 of attention as an ornamental, clean and 
thrifty moderate sized tree. It is a perennial bloomer. 



EUCALYPTUS OBCORDATA. 



This is a small, rather ornamental, thick-leaved, light 
green colored tree, with profuse very dark red flowers. 
The name comes from the heart shaped leaves. In Santa 
Monica this shape is exceptional in the larger trees, but 
general in some of the shrubby forms. We have a shrubby 
form of both obcordata and occidentalis. 



94 



EUCALYPTUS. 



EUCALYPTUS HAEMASTOMA, 



Eucalyptus haemastoma (red mouthed, from the red rim of 
the fruit) is a tree that was introduced into Santa Monica 
in 1876. It has done well and become a medium-sized 
tree with rather spreading top. The bark is rose-grey and 
smooth with us. The wood makes a fair fuel, but is other- 
wise inferior. I can see no reason for the introduction of 
this tree except that it was amongst the earliest described 
species. 

There is another very tall tree in the old park at Santa 
Monica, with smooth white bark planted at the same time. 
This tree is so tall that we could not reach the flowers, 
and only recently identified it as the smooth barked Euca- 
lyptus viminalis. 



EUCALYPTUS OBLIQUA. 



Eucalyptus obliqua (messmate of Victoria and stringy- 
bark of South Australia) is widely scattered throughout 
Southern Australia, and is one of the principal sources of 
the local timber supply. Its wood is easily worked and it 
grows gregariously. Thus economy of transfer and plant 
is possible. 

The tree is reported as a rapid grower, sometimes 
reaching 300 feet. My experience with it has been disap- 
pointing. A number of them planted in my garden at 
Santa Monica were only exceeded in unsatisfactory growth 
by Eucalyptus marginata. Eucalyptus Gunnii, viminalis, 



EUCAL YPTUS. 95 

rostrata, pilularis, diversicolor, siderophloia, cornuta, calo- 
phylla, obcordata, corynocalyx, robusta and amygdalina, in 
the same place, did remarkably well. 

The garden is near the coast and, especially where the 
obliquas are, is exposed to the summer trade wind. They 
all lean away from the breeze, in this respect being 
specially different from Eucalyptus robusta and Eucalyptus 
cornuta on either side. 

There were a number of these trees on South Main 
Street, corner of 14th, in Los Angeles, that showed a 
fairly good growth. All except three of them have been 
cut down and these three have been topped by a telephone 
company. Thus the ouly street planting of Eucalyptus 
obliqua that I know is not a very satisfactory illustration 
of what this tree will do when thus used. The specimen 
of this tree at the Paradise nurseries, South Pasadena, is a 
handsome tall tree, with dark green glossy leaves, that 
will average well with the other Eucalyptus species planted 
there. 

There are good specimens of Eucalyptus obliqua at the 
Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and at the Heights. The 
bark is employed for primitive roofing in new settlements. 



EUCALYPTUS MACRORRHYNCHA. 

Eucalyptus macrorrhyncha is a sufficiently similar tree 
native further west to go by the same popular names as 
obliqua. We have some growing but cannot yet tell 
whether it does better here than Eucalyptus obliqua or 
not. It is a very inferior looking tree, being with us 
irregular and shambling in growth. 



9 6 EUCALYPTUS. 

EUCALYPTUS HEMIPHLOIA. 



Eucalyptus hemiphloia is recommended by Mr. Walter 
Gill for dry sandy situations. I have received from him 
some seed which are being grown by the Paradise Nurs- 
eries of Pasadena. The seed has sprouted poorly, and 
"damped off" so that we shall raise very few. Von Mueller's 
account of the native habitat of this tree indicates that in 
the moister coast section it makes a tree of 150 feet with 
pale colored timber. While it thrives in dry interior sec- 
tions in these situations it tends to a more stunted habit. 
The best specimen of this tree is at the Paradise Nurseries. 
Others may be seen at the Santa Monica points, Forestry 
Station and Heights. It is reported an excellent timber 
and fuel tree. 

Prof. Maiden informs me that Eucalyptus hemiphloia 
is taken by the Australian squatters as a reliable indica- 
tion ot good land and good pasture in New South Wales. 
That would not seem to agree with a tree satisfied in 
sandy situations. 

We cannot tell much about this tree as to its utility 
for our sandy washes in w 7 hich I especially hope for good 
results. I am each year growing more into the opinion 
that our own balm of Gilead, sycamores and the red live 
oak, are the best trees for these hard places. 

Our sandy torrent beds far out into the plains beyond 
any surface flow, other than that of storm waters in the 
rain}' season, are now generally populated with these three 
trees. Q. agrifolia thus situated seems far the most vig- 
orous, with the balm trees next. The sycamores look 
more and more unhappy the farther out into the dry 
plains you go. The easiest tree to start in the washes is 



EUCALYPTUS. 97 

the native cottonwood, or balm of Gilead. The cotton- 
wood seedlings come up in the washes oftenest; next are 
the oak trees. Sycamore seedlings are very rare in the 
interior canons and washes, but extraordinarily numerous 
in the Santa Monica canons every few years. Often the 
young trees start, especially the oaks, and then die from 
the prolonged drought of the dry season. The indications 
from these torrent bed growths is that our climate is 
slowly changing and becoming drier. Another suggestion 
in this line is the almost entire absence of greasewood 
seedlings. These bushes, the roots of which make such 
fine fire wood, cover large areas in our southern foothills 
on granitic formation. The absence of reproductive power 
is similar to that of our high type Americans who seem 
to be progressively nearing absolute sterility and the ex- 
tinction of the American as an historical entitv. 



EUCALYPTUS INCRA66ATA, 



Eucalyptus incrassata is one of the growths forming 

the mallee scrub. It is a tall growing bush with' leaves 

heavily charged with oil and reported as growing on 

sandy interior ridges in Australia. This, with the other 

mallees, forms a main source of the supply of Eucalyptus 

oil. A great advantage of the mallee scrub as a source 

of oil is the ease with which the foliage can be gathered 

and the capacity these have of sending out new growth. 

Where sandy conditions prevail, or in dry hilly sections 

these mallees may be found valuable as a source of 

Eucalyptus oil. 

Eucalyptus oleosa, Eucalyptus gracilis and Eucalvptus 
7 



9 S EUCALYPTUS. 

uncinata are the other species usually classed as consti- 
tuting this scrub. 

They all stand drought, heat and severe conditions. 
The uncinata has long narrow leaves and small semi-ovate 
fruits. The gracilis leaves are similar and less narrow, 
with fruit small and even shaped. The incrassata has 
leaves shiny on both sides, somewhat the shape of 
those of Eucalyptus gunnii and inclined to be wavy or 
curly in outline. The fruit of this is larger and usually 
much ridged, the oblong oval of the fruit only cut off at 
the end. The forms of these plants vary a good deal at 
times. 

I do not think that any of these mallee bushes are 
growing in California. In the early days of the forestry 
work, before there was any money or any station, I dis- 
tributed some seed of these, but never received any report 
on them. The parties to whom they were sent are "non 
est inventus." That system of experimenting with new 
trees was too scattering to be of service. In our mobile 
population it was especially inappropriate. Out of the 
whole of the seed distribution but three records of value 
were ever reported. 



EUCALYPTUS HELLIODORA. 

Eucalyptus melliodora does well here. Its timber is 
hard, durable, tough, but difficult to work. The name 
means honey scented. It is also called yellow box, and 
by the Gippsland natives " Dargan." Von Mueller says 
that while the seedling of this species has scattered oval or 
oblong leaves, and differs very much from that of Euca- 
lyptus leucoxylon with its opposite sessile longer and 



EUCALYPTUS. 99 

broad based leaves, the mature forms are more difficult to 
distinguish. He points out the differences as follows: 

"Eucalyptus melliodora differs as a species from Eucal- 
yptus leucoxylon (sideraxylon), irrespective of the differ- 
ences of the wood, in the less deeply furrowed portion of 
the bark and in the yellowish tinge of its inner layers, in 
usually smaller leaves, flowers and fruits, shorter flower- 
stalks and mostly less elongated stalklets, further in more 
numerous flowers of the umbels with a tendency to a par- 
tially paniculate disposition, often in a less pointed lid and 
in the fruit generally more contracted at the orifice." 

The formation which this tree prefers is, I believe, like 
that of the mission hills about L,os Angeles, where it would 
probably do better in the south exposures than the Juglans 
Californica does in the northern ones. 

The only specimens of Eucalyptus melliodora, with 
which I am acquainted in California, are at the Santa 
Monica Forestry Station. It is there a strong vigorous 
growing tree with plenty of rather light green foliage. 
The bole of the tree is good and the bark suggests Eucal- 
yptus cornuta. The bark is not at all like either Eucalyp- 
tus leucoxylon or Eucalyptus sideroxylon. 



EUCALYPTUS PANICULATA. 



Eucalyptus paniculata is a fairly tall tree that does well 
at Santa Monica. There appears to be, however, nothing 
to very specially recommend it for extensive planting. 
There are two forms of this tree, if each one be not en- 
titled to specific rank. The one we have is that of the 
New South Wales coast belt, and is mainly distinguishable 



ioo EUCALYPTUS. 

from the variety " faseiculosa " in having persistent rough 
bark and leaves darker on the upper side than on the 
lower. The flowers are also larger. In the New England 
district of N. S. W. the tree is found in a transition state 
between the two forms. 

These transitions and mergings of forms or species in 
the genus Eucalyptus have a counterpart in some of our 
Pacific Coast oaks. 



EUCALYPTUS PAUCIFLORA. 



Eucalyptus pauciflora does well with us. It is a smooth 
bark comparatively soft wood tree, not generally tall, with 
a maximum native height of about ioo feet. This tree is 
one of the Eucalyptus having a wide climatic range. In a 
dwarf form it is found in the Alpine districts of both Aus- 
tralia and Tasmania. On the higher Australian mountains 
up to 6000 feet this tree and Eucalyptus Gunnii constitute 
scrubby forests. It has also an unusually broad tolerance 
of varying geologic formations. 

It is from these causes a valuable tree for experiment 
in difficult places. 

The tree in Australia rarely gives much clear timber, 
nor does it last well underground. 

A peculiarity of the tree is its frequent variation in 
foliage from the narrow sickle-shaped leaf to a very broad 
large one dissimilar in appearance. The twigs and infiores- 
ence are often covered with the bluish white powder of 



EUCAL YPTUS. 101 

the young blue gum. The veining of the leaves and the 
young branches are found at times a bright red. 

The name, pauciflora, does not seem as appropriate as 
one given by Cunningham, viz.: Eucalyptus coriacea. 
The leaves are thick and leatherv. 



EUCALYPTUS PLANCHONIANA, 

Eucalyptus Planchoniana grows well at Santa Monica. 
It is a tree reaching a height of ioo feet. The wood is 
hard and durable, not easy to split. As the pauciflora is 
indicated for cold districts the Planchoniana is equally rec- 
ommendable for very hot dry ones. The fruit is large, 
rather angular. The twigs are also angular. The foliage 
is reported to form a better head than that of most Euca- 
lypti. Altogether it is an agreeable form of the genus. 
The kino from this tree is specially valuable. It is with 
us a profuse bloomer, but has not proved a rapid 
grower at Santa Monica. 



EUCALYPTUS 8IDER0PHL0IA. 

Eucalyptus siderophloia is the main source of the Syd- 
ney ironbark timber and also of the kino attributed to 
Eucalyptus resinifera. It is a tree of ioo to 150 feet in 
height with narrow long leaves and rough persistent brown- 
ish red bark. The tree has grown well at Santa Monica 
where it has rather broad leaves, and proved hardy but has 
not grown as fast as other trees. The crushed leaves have 



J02 EUCALYPTUS. 

a pleasant Eucalyptus odor. It has a habit of growth 
peculiar to several species of the genus. The tree grows 
with comparatively short branches that give the effect of 
wrapping the tree in a close covering of foliage. With us 
it is not a spreading tree. At the present time, October, 
several specimens are blooming in the East Side Park, 
Los Angeles. This point might be worth the bee men's 
following, for October is here a month light in bee feed. 
Eucalyptus siderophloia is a peculiar, but in its way an 
attractive tree. It has decided economic value and could 
be utilized in landscape work. 



EUCALYPTU6 TERETICORNIS. 

Eucalyptus tereticornis has a strong individual Eucalyp- 
tus smell from its crushed leaves in marked contrast to the 
odor of Eucalyptus siderophloia. 

The leaves of the Eucalypti vary greatly in the type as 
well as in the strength of their Eucalyptus odor. Eucalyp- 
tus citriodora or maculata var. citriodora is one of the few 
having no suggestion of Eucalyptus in its sweet lemon- 
scented leaves, yet this species has the typical sickle 
shaped leaves and general Eucalyptus look not possessed by 
all the members of the genus. 

The leaf odor of tereticornis bears the same relation to 
that of Eucalyptus rostrata's leaf odor as the California Bay 
leaf does to that of the bay leaf of commerce. The odor 
o the tereticornis foliage, here at least, is strong, almost 
rank and verges to the disagreeable. I am fond of crush- 



EUCALYPTUS. 103 

ing and inhaling the aroma of the foliage of nearly all the 
species of Eucalyptus. The effect is soothing and gently 
stimulating. But the tereticornis is too rough and strong. 
A friend of mine has used the leaves of Eucalyptus amyg- 
dalina var. linearis in his chicken house and hens' nests 
and found them a preventative of lice and pests generally. 
The leaves of Eucalyptus tereticornis used by the same 
gentleman drove the setting hens from their nests. 

I have tried Eucalyptus amygdalina leaves with my 
chickens with good results. Two out of twelve setting hens, 
however, deserted their eggs. I do not think that this 
would have happened had the hens been accustomed to the 
powerful aroma of these leaves beforehand. 

Further study of Eucalyptus tereticornis informs us that 
the peculiarly strong odor of the leaves noted is exceptional. 
As a rule the odor of the foliage is nearly identical with that 
of Eucalyptus rostrata. The tree is of rather slimmer habit 
than that of Eucalyptus rostrata, which is stocky. It, how- 
ever, varies a great deal, and without considering the pecu- 
liar beak-like flower cap of Eucalyptus rostrata, is often 
difficult to distinguish from it. The leaves are usually 
broader than those of Eucalyptus rostrata, but I have seen 
at Ell wood broad-leaved rostratas. 

Eucalyptus tereticornis with us grows something on the 
type of the white-barked viminalis, but is tall and slen- 
der. It has not the wavy and delicate grace of Eucalyptus 
viminalis, having lank, broadish grey green leaves, heavily 
massed. It is indeed one of the numerous "awkward squad " 
of Eucalyptus trees. 

Eucalyptus tereticornis makes a good stem though rarely 
exceeding 100 feet in height. 

Its close botanic relationship to Eucalyptus rostrata is 



104 EUCALYPTUS. 

further accentuated by its hardy growth and the durability 
and value of its timber. 

Eucalyptus rostrata, however, possesses all its virtues 
and is a much more attractive tree. 

Fine samples of Eucalyptus tereticornis may be seen 
at Paradise nurseries, Pasadena, and at Mr. Rindge's gar- 
den, cor. Nevada and Ocean Avenues, Santa Monica. At 
this latter place it is mixed in with Eucalyptus rostratas 
and the two can be seen together. A characteristic differ- 
ence of these two is in the flower caps. Those of Euca- 
lyptus rostrata are contracted to a sharp point and curved 
like a beak, whence the name rostrata. Those of Euca- 
lyptus tereticornis are obtuse, oblong and larger. 



EUCALYPTUS EUGENI0IDE5, 



Eucalyptus eugenioides is a tree attaining about 200 
feet in height. It grows gregariously, generally upon poor 
uplands or on sandy places. It is a valued timber tree of 
South Eastern Australia. The bark is rough, persistent 
and useful for mats and primitive roofing. It could be 
used for cordage. The name is derived from the claimed 
superior beauty of the Eugenioides foliage to that of most 
of the Eucalypti. The foliage is denser and greener than 
is usual in the genus. The seedling of this tree is very 
attractive. The stem and branches are covered with soft 
hair, and the leaves are beautifully serrated. 



EUCALYPTUS. 105 

I have been disappointed in the more mature growth 
of the eugenioides at Santa Monica, not that it is not a 
fair growth and of pleasing appearance, but that it did not 
come up to the expectation of its name, description and 
seedling growth. Doubtless this tree would make a far 
better comparative record in situations more nearly like 
its native habitat than the moist climate and rich soil of 
Santa Monica provide. The young growth is yellow and 
red at the tips, which against the dark green mature 
foliage, gives our Fiesta colors. 

Von Mueller says that this tree and Eucalyptus piperita 
have so much in common that it may eventually be neces- 
sary to consider them as varieties of the same species. 

I do not know of any Eucalyptus piperita growing 
here. This fact is no indication that this tree is not in 
California. On the contrary it is probably to be found. 
I distributed seeds of Eucalyptus piperita with many other 
species but the records have been lost and the only way 
now to find any Eucalyptus here is to go on botanical 
voyages of discovery. 

Since writing this I have found a specimen of Euca- 
lyptus piperita. In mature form it is more like Eucalyptus 
pilularis with smaller and more numerous flowers. Its 
seedling has oval leaves with stems and is hairy like that 
of eugenioides while the pilularis seedling has long narrow 
opposite sessile leaves. Specimens of Eucalyptus eugenioi- 
des may be seen at Paradise nurseries, Pasadena, at Santa 
Monica Heights and at the Forestry Station. 



w6 EUCALYPTUS. 



EUCALYPTUS C0RYMB06A. 



Eucalyptus corymbosa is another tree that has not, to 
my knowledge, been absolutely identified as growing in Cal- 
ifornia although introduced here years ago by me. This 
tree stands considerable stress of drouth and cold. It is a 
thick leaved tree with persistent rough bark. The timber 
contains large amounts of kino from the red coloration 
of which this tree derives its common name of "Blood- 
wood." 

It is a source of commercial kino. The wood does 
not make good fuel. 

The corymbosa is one of the Eucalypti reported to have 
scented flowers. In this case the odor is pleasant. 

There are several reputed specimens of Eucalyptus 
corymbosa here. Two of these are at the Santa Monica 
Forestry Station ; but as they have not, to my knowledge, 
flowered, and as the tree labels at that station are not re- 
liable, it is not possible to say what these trees really are. 
These specimens answer in a general way to the descrip- 
tion of Eucalyptus corymbosa, and are good looking trees 
of symmetrical growth with handsome dark green foliage. 

The test of this tree in the Argentine Republic turned 
out so exceptionally favorable that I have ordered again 
from Australia a fresh supply of seeds together with those 
of Eucalyptus urnigera, Eucalyptus coccifera, Eucalyptus 
microtheca, Eucalyptus salmonophloia, Eucalyptus miniata, 
Eucalyptus phoenicea and Eucalyptus macrocarpa. The 



EUCALYPTUS. 107 

last three are mainly desirable for ornament on account of 
the probable beauty of their brilliant crimson flowers. 

The strictly ornamental trees of the Eucalyptus genus 
are not numerous. The first and for a long time the only 
one brought here as ornamental was 



EUCALYPTUS CALOPHYLLA, 



Eucalyptus calophylla, or the beautiful leaved. As an 
ornamental tree it has proved rather disappointing. The 
leaves are dark green, somewhat glossy, with the veining 
often a rich yellow. The bark is rough, grey and per- 
sistent. The cream-colored flowers are numerous. The 
fruit and seeds are the largest of the genus. 

This attractive description is somehow not realized in 
the tree. 

We have found it of rather slow growth and in no 
case here is it very tall. The large fruits persist on the 
tree and do not help its appearance. 

It is, however, a valuable timber tree, being used in 
Australia for the purposes to which our hickory of the At- 
lantic States is adapted. 

Eucalyptus calophylla does not resist much frost, but 
does succeed remarkably well in the moist tropics, as at 
Zanzibar. 

Von Mueller speaks of frost burning in the calophylla in 
the Melbourne gardens, but I have never seen one frosted 
here. There is reported to be a pink flowered variety 
which I have not seen. Its introduction here would 
doubtless renew the interest in this tree. 



io8 EUCALYPTUS. 

Its habitat in Australia covers that part having the 
most equable and salubrious climate of the Continent. 
Hence the local saying, " To live in a red gum forest is 
to be healthy." 

It is called the red gum of West Australia on account 
of the large amount of kino it contains. It bears no re- 
semblance to Eucalyptus rostrata, the common red gum. 

Specimens of Eucalyptus calophylla are common. The 
finest one I know is on Santa Monica Heights, below the 
farm house; others may be seen on Nevada avenue at the 
Forestry Station, Santa Monica, and at Paradise nurseries. 

The fruit of this tree and that of Eucalyptus ficifolia 
are polished and sold for pipe bowls at a tobacco store on 
Main street, Eos Angeles. 

The tree is reported to reach a height of 120 feet, and 
even 170 has been noted. We have nothing like this to 
show. Forty-five feet is the tallest calophylla measured 
here and this is exceptional. 

Its nearest specific ally is Eucalyptus ficifolia. 



EUCALYPTUS FICIFOLIA. 



This tree, rather dwarfish in growth, with dark green 
leaves and usually startlingly brilliant scarlet flowers, has 
entirely replaced with us the calophylla for ornamental pur- 
poses. It is the most striking looking plant we have intro- 
duced of the genus. Nothing, it seems to me, can exceed 
the strange brilliancy of its flowers. The usual color is 
nearest that of an English soldier's scarlet coat. This 
coloring, however, does not seem reliable from Californian 



EUCALYPTUS. 109 

raised seed. The tree was introduced, I believe, by Mr. 
Scharff. He planted seeds of the trees as they matured at 
his place. An old row of this planting at South Pasadena 
has given a different colored flower for every one of these 
ficifoiia. The colors vary from a flesh pink through orange 
and scarlet to a magenta. The two old trees at Santa 
Monica both have the scarlet flowers which we expected. 

The ficifoiia in the ordinary sense of the word is cer- 
tainly ornamental. The foliage is handsome and the flow- 
ers, though garish, are so brilliant and interesting that 
the tree well deserves a place where striking effects are 
sought. 

To me the grander trees of the genus are far more 
attractive and I even prefer the peculiar and delicate beau- 
ties of polyanthema and sideroxylon to the more assertive 
coloring: of the dwarf. 



EUCALYPTUS BUPRE6TIUH. 



There are several bush Eucalypti at Santa Monica, or 
at Scharff' s South Pasadena place, none of which as vet 
show characteristics worth perpetuating. The possible ex- 
ception to this is a shrub of the species Eucalyptus bu- 
prestium. This is of pretty rounding growth, at Santa 
Monica Heights, with small flowers and large fruits. The 
flowers are reported to contain a fine quality of nectar 
unusually good for bees. Von Mueller suggests that its 



no EUCAL YPTUS. 

capacity for growing on very sandy places might be used 
to aid in bringing such situations into subjection. 

Mr. Scharff has a large seedling growing at his place 
under the name of Eucalyptus macrocarpa. . This is surely 
a mistake. It may be Eucalyptus Foelsheana which is 
worthy of trial on account of its large leaves, but Scharff' s 
tree cannot be macrocarpa. This is to be regretted for 
the macrocarpa must be a plant of power in producing 
striking effects. Its leaves are large, sessile and opposite, 
and the whole bush is covered with a silvery white pow- 
der. The flowers vary in color from bright orange to 
crimson. Such colors against such foliage surely produce 
wonderful effects. I have several times ordered seeds of 
this tree without ever succeeding in obtaining them. 



EUCALYPTUS HEGACARPA. 



This somewhat similarly named tree has a large fruit, 
but nothing else to suggest the macrocarpa. I know of 
but one specimen in California. This is a vigorous grow- 
ing and symmetrical tree that is well worthy of more 
attention. It blooms and seeds freely at the Santa Monica 
Forestry Station. 

The foliage has a pleasant odor, similar to that of Eu- 
calyptus Stuartiana, and is rather a dark green. It is not 
reported to be very tall. The tree is frequently found on 
mountains and seems particularly adapted to granite soil. 
In Southwestern Australia it is called the blue gum. 



EUCALYPTUS. 

EUCALYPTUS PILULARI8. 



The Blackbutt is an elegant and rather aristocratic look- 
ing tree. The seedling of Eucalyptus pilularis, though 
somewhat stiff, is very attractive. It often has a purplish 
tinge in the foliage. The mature tree is of slim and erect 
growth and is reported to attain a height of 300 feet in 
Australia. With us the tree is thrifty, but not a very fast 
grower. Its form suggests one of the uses reported for it 
in Australia — that of telegraph poles. 

Eucalyptus pilularis makes a better steeple effect than 
Eucalyptus citriodora when planted in a copse. There are 
a number of these trees on Nevada avenue, Santa Monica. 
The new growth of pilularis is a warm yellow with the 
youngest leaves red, and produces a pleasing Spanish col- 
oring. The tree can be picked out from others a long 
way off on account of this characteristic. It is generally 
useful as a timber tree. 



EUCALYPTUS B0TRY0IDL8. 



This is an exceedingly handsome and vigorous growing 
tree about Eos Angeles. It was introduced here by the 
late Mr. Grelek many years ago, but seems to have been 
lost sight of and forgotten. Eucalyptus botryoides has 
dark green leaves, paler beneath and generally horizontal. 
The tree stands city conditions remarkably well. This 
point, together with its usually symmetrical and rounded 



112 EUCALYPTUS. 

head, make it a specially desirable road tree. Eucalyptus 
botrvoides is also reported as growing on coast sands. I 
have started an experimental planting in such a situation 
in South Santa Monica, with thus far most favorable re- 
sults. It is called a mahogany in Australia. All of the 
specimens here that I know, except one, have persistent 
rough bark on the main stem, decorticating only on the 
upper branches. The exception is a very tall hand- 
some tree at the Paradise Nurseries, Pasadena. This 
tree sheds its bark on the main stem also. This 
decorticating of the main stem is said by Von Mueller 
to be one of the characteristics separating Eucalyptus 
saligna from Eucalyptus botryoides. Scharff's tree, how- 
ever, is exactly like the other botr) 7 oides in bud, flower, 
fruit and loliage and not like saligna in its fruit. The 
bark on the main stem is shed like, and appears similar 
to that of the upper branches of the certain specimens of 
Eucalyptus botryoides, consequently we may safely deem 
this tree at Pasadena to be only a variation of the mahog- 
ony or binnak. 

There is an old specimen in a garden on the northeast 
corner of Main and Sixth streets, Eos Angeles. There are 
also a number planted as sidewalk trees on the corner of 
Ninth and Alvarado streets, Eos Angeles. These latter 
demonstrate what an excellent street tree it can make. 
They are vigorous and shade the whole sidewalk. There 
is another fine specimen but with a double stem, in a 
Pasadena garden on Orange Grove avenue, near California 
street. 

The rapid growth and great vigor of this tree recom- 
mend it for more extended planting than it has had. It 
is one of the largest trees in the Scharff collection. The 



EUCALYPTUS. 113 

only reported drawback is a tendency to lose branches in 
heavy winds. Messrs. Scharff & Shorting speak of this as 
a weak point, but the vigor of the tree is so great that it 
does not show any such effects in its present appearance. 



EUCALYPTUS GONIOCALYX. 



Eucalyptus goniocalyx is known as the blue guru of 
New South Wales, where the Eucalyptus globulus does not 
grow. It is spoken of by Von Mueller as one of the best 
Eucalypti for forest planting. The wood is hard, tough, 
and difficult to split and also exceptionally durable, both in 
and out of the ground. It is one of the species of the 
genus that has a particular tendency to vary especially in 
its bark. In this respect it is sometimes of the Hemiph- 
loise type and then called a box tree, and at other times 
of the Leiophloiae, and then called a blue gum or white 
gum tree. We have very few of them in California, in 
fact I am certain of but one, that at the Forestry Station, 
Santa Monica. This specimen in its buds, flowers, fruits 
and foliage exactly corresponds to Von Mueller's plate. 
There are several other older trees in different places that 
come nearer to the botanic description of Eucalyptus gon- 
iocalyx than to anything else and yet vary sufficiently from 
them to suggest another species. Two of the c e trees are 
at Santa Monica Heights. Even these two vary from each 
other in the fruits, but not in a very marked way. At a 
casual glance these trees would be mistaken for Eucalyptus 
globulus, although, of course, not at all like that in flower 
or fruit. I have never seen a botanic description of Euca- 

8 



ii 4 EUCALYPTUS. 

lyptus Maideni, called also a blue gum in New South 
Wales, and the Heights' trees may belong to that species. 
All of these trees are vigorous and thrifty and seem to 
be perfectly at home in our coast climate. They are, how- 
ever, no more attractive in appearance than the blue gum, 
and Eucalyptus goniocalyx is not likely to' have much of 
a vogue with us. 



EUCALYPTUS PUNCTATA, 



This tree is of a more spreading habit than is usual, es- 
pecially as seen next to Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyp- 
tus viminalis, in the Santa Monica Park, Nevada Avenue. 
The wood is tough and very durable, and of a pale 
reddish brown color. Its name of Leather Jacket comes 
from its tough rather dark colored bark, and its other ver- 
nacular name "Hickory" from the toughness of the timl er. 
A good many of these trees are scattered about Southern 
California. In a lot of 280 boxes of seedling Eucalyptus, 
raised by me and presented to the State Board of Forestry, 
there were, as nearly as I can recollect, about 50 boxes of 
Eucalyptus punctata. This number will represent what are 
growing in this part of the State. 

The bark is darker than that of Eucalyptus rostrata and 
is apparently not so persistent. The leaf is very much like 
that of Eucalyptus resinifera, being dark green and glossy 
above and paler beneath. This tree is reported to prefer 
dry and rocky situations. Its foliage is one of those pro- 
ducing the melitose- manna most common in Eucalyptus 
viminalis. Our Eucalyptus punctata and Eucalyptus resini- 



EUCALYPTUS. 115 

fera merge toward each other in some ways and produce 
a mind confusion. What we believe to be Eucalyptus punc- 
tata corresponds in every way to Von Mueller's plate and 
description except in having a straight instead of cork- 
screw style in the bud, while, on the other hand, Euca- 
lyptus resinifera with a fibrous bark, always single umbels 
and not paniculate, and corresponding in the fruit and seeds 
to Von Mueller's account of resinifera, has with us a cork- 
screw style instead of a straight one in bud. In other 
words the style is exactly opposite to what we expected 
to find. The fruits in the resinifera here vary a good 
deal, as do also the shapes of the operculum or flower cap. 
Von Mueller speaks of Eucalyptus resinifera as having a 
vigorous capacity for varying. 



EUCALYPTUS SALIGNA. 



This tree is called a blue gum in New South Wales. 
Its appearance here thus far gives no reason for the name. 
The foliage is dark green and glossy above and paler be- 
neath. The bark decorticates in small pieces leaving a rich 
reddish-brown stem mottled with olive green. The large 
branches are olive green. I mean the commercial olive 
green which is a color quite foreign to the olive. It is a 
handsome vigorous tree that grows well at the Santa Monica 
Station. The tree has just flowered at the Station and I 
believe for the first time. At any rate I have long watched 
for flowers without finding any. The buds, flowers, and 
immature fruit as at present found are very different from 



r/6 EUCALYPTI S. 

the tree which we have identified as a sport or variety of 
Eucalyptus botr) r oides that has also a decorticating bark. 
The buds and fruit in Eucalyptus botryoides are markedly 
angular and more crowded together, and the bark of the 
one specimen that decorticate comes off in long strips. 
Eucalyptus saligna has a good reputation as a timber tree 
and has proved here a fast grower but is very shy in flow- 
ers or fruits at Santa Monica. 



EUCALYPTUS TETRAPTERA, 

This tree is a dwarf with very thick long scattered 
sickle-shaped leaves. The flowers are pendent, very large, 
solitary and quite numerous. The tube of the calyx is 
very angular, in fact winged. At Santa Monica the calyx 
tube and the stalk just before the cap falls become a bril- 
liant crimson, and are by far the most striking part of the 
flower. The stamens are comparatively short and of a dark 
red, the anthers are purple. 



EUCALYPTUS KINIATA. 

I have elsewhere alluded to Eucalyptus miniata as 
shrubby. It, however, grows to be a tree of seventy or 
more feet in height. It has crimson flowers and often a 
silvery white bloom on the foliage. The leaves are some- 
what paler beneath. It is a native of the tropical part of 
Australia. The tree has not, to my knowledge, been in- 
troduced here, but certainly deserves to be tried. 

Mr. Walter Gill has furnished me a note on Eucalyptus 
hemiphloia, which it is too late to put in its proper place. 



EUCALYPTUS. • 117 

He states this tree to be native to the country about the 
head of Spencer's Gulf and on iron and sandstone ranges 
to an elevation of 3000 feet. In that section it is subjected 
to quite severe frosts. The tree is consequently one suited 
to situations trying on account of cold as well as drought. 
These points of advantage cause me to regret all the more 
our lack of success with the seeds of Eucalyptus hemiph- 
loia. From what Prof. Maiden says about the N. S. W. 
hemiphloia, it seems probable that the South Australian 
form will prove at the least a variety. 



UNIDENTIFIED TREE6 AT FORESTRY STATION. 



There are at the Santa Monica Forestry Station a num- 
ber of trees that have never flowered, some of these are 
labelled and some not. Amongst the most promising of 
these are the following: 

Se wall's red gum. This tree grows well. It resembles 
Eucalyptus saligna. 

Eucalyptus rudis. A good vigorous appearing tree. 

Eucalyptus exima, dark green and unusually large leaves. 

Neither Eucalyptus leptophleba nor the small gray- 
leaved Eucalyptus pinnata have grown well. 

Since waiting the above, Eucalyptus rudis has flowered 
at the station and I have found it in profuse bloom at 
Santa Monica Heights and on the extension of Figueroa 
Street, south of Los Angeles. The Heights specimen has 
the curious characteristic of alternating colored flowers. 
About one-third of the flowers are all pink and the rest all 
cream-white. These different colored flowers occur all over 
the tree. I know of one specimen of the blue gum, Euca- 



i/8 EUCALYPTUS. 

lyptus globulus, that also has alternating pink and white 
flowers. This year about two-thirds of the flowers are 
pink and one-third the usual cream-white. One often sees 
imperfectly colored, or, as in the hydrangia, differently 
shaded flowers on the same base color, but two distinct 
colors such as madder-pink and cream-white solid in alter- 
nating blooms on the same branch, is something novel to 
my limited experience. This blue gum is on Third Street, 
Santa Monica, in the business quarter. 



6PECIES AT UNIUER6ITY, BERKELEY, 

In a day's trip about Berkeley, I found fourteen species 
of Eucalypti, of these a very poor specimen of Eucalyptus 
redunca was the only one not known here. However, new 
sprouts from a number of eucalyptus trees, cut out in the 
grounds, show these to be probably species not known in 
California. It seems a pity that rare trees should have 
been chosen for the thinning process, instead of some of 
the excessive plantings of Monterey Cypress. 

Back of a grand stand on the campus is the best speci- 
men I knew of Eucalyptus viminalis with persistent bark. 
It is a handsome tree, with flower buds larger and more 
nearly round than the smooth-barked decorticating variety. 
It is not so erect in growth. Along side of these dark 
rough-barked viminalis stands for convenient comparison a 
superb specimen of the white smooth-barked variety. 
These trees seem to me to have differences great enough to 
warrant specific rank in each case. The habit of growth 
in the two trees is not the same. The rough-barked one 
is irregular and spreading, while the smooth-barked one is 



EUCAL YPTUS. 119 

tall, erect and regular. The variations in the bark of 
eucalyptus trees, classified as belonging to the same species, 
has been attributed to diverse geologic or climatic condi- 
tions. At Berkeley we see the Eucalyptus viminalis on the 
same soil showing on the one hand a rough, dark persis- 
tent bark, and on the other a smooth, white decorticating 
one. 

I was struck at Berkeley by the great number of Mon- 
terey Cypress seedlings coming up in the grounds. We see 
oaks, Eucalyptus and acacia seedlings often enough in Cali- 
fornia, but those of Cupressus macrocarpa are almost un- 
known except in a nursery. 

The handsomest exotic trees I saw at Berkeley were, I 
believe, specimens of the black wattle, acacia decurrens. 
The feathery foliage in dense masses on these giant trees 
was both charming and impressive. The rich, heavy soils 
of Berkeley are evidently to this tree's liking. There are 
good specimens of the rough persistent and smooth decor- 
ticating barked varieties of Eucalyptus amygdalina on the 
Campus, otherwise the Eucalyptus plantations at the Uni- 
versity grounds are uninteresting. 



EUCALYPTUS. 



EUCALYPTU6 POR BEE PEED, 

My attention was first called to the value of this genus 
to bee men by Prof. A. J. Cook, of Claremont. Many of 
the species are profuse bloomers and are rich in nectar. 
Besides this valuable characteristic, various of the species 
flower at seasons when there is a great scarcity of bee 
feed. In Southern California the different species of Euca- 
lyptus vary in their times of blooming according to the 
soils and climates where they are located, and also accord- 
ing to the character of the seasons. Besides these sources 
of variability, individual trees often bloom earlier or later 
than the average of the same species. Taking the sixty 
species and marked varieties of this genus in Southern 
California, I have never seen a day that flowers could not 
be found on some of them. What the value of the Euca- 
lyptus really is as a honey producer, and especially its 
value in individual species, is as yet undetermined. Several 
of the species are certainly important in this regard, suffi- 
ciently so to cause careful observations on all the species. 
When we consider the free production of nectar by the 
Eucalyptus at seasons when there is little or no other 
resource for bees, and also the claimed medicinal value of 
honey from Eucalyptus flowers for relieving irritation of 
the mucous membrane and as a nerve sedative, the pre- 
sumption is strongly in its favor. Bee men will doubtless 
find it to their interest to study the species and plant in 
waste places such sorts as will furnish the best kinds of 



EUCALYPTUS. 121 

nectar during the most difficult season for the bees. The 
following notes apply specially to Santa Monica: 

From a bee point of view, the Eucalyptus may be 
divided into two classes — those that flower but once a year 
and those that flower more than once, or have a prolonged 
blooming season. 

There are not many of the first type here. Eucalyptus 
polyanthema is one of the few that blooms but once in the 
year, as far as we have noticed. The variety of Eucalyp- 
tus sideroxylon (generally sold as Eucalyptus leucoxylon) 
with a lemon colored or white flower, is thus far a very 
shy bloomer and consequently of little value for bee feed. 
The pink flowered varieties, both with green or gray leaves, 
have a prolonged season of blooming and for the most part 
have two seasons, one commencing about the end of No- 
vember and the other in May. Both the white and pink- 
flowered smooth barked Eucalyptus leucoxylon follow about 
the same seasons, but while more profuse in the spring 
flowering, have this shorter than Eucalyptus sideroxylon. 
Bees frequent these flowers. The two principal varieties of 
Eucalyptus amygdalina here, viz., var. regnans and var. 
linearis or angostifolia are rarely out of bloom. The leaves 
of this species are very strong odored of a peppermiuty- 
Eucalyptus smell, which, if it attaches to the flowers or 
nectar, might give a flavor to the honey that would lessen 
its value, or, on the other hand, insure the very fancy 
London price recently current tor honey claimed to have 
been derived from Eucalyptus. 

Eucalyptus corynocalyx, the sugar gum, is certainly a 
fine bee feed tree. Here it has two, and often three seasons; 
one ot these commences in September or the end of August 
and continues through November. In the warm September 



122 EUCALYPTUS. 

weather this year, 1895, the bees did a humming business 
over the sugar gum flowers all about Santa Monica. Euca- 
lyptus siderophloia has also a flowering time in the same 
difficult months, but it has no such profusion of blossoms 
as the sugar gum nor is it so fast a grower. Eucalyptus 
longifolia has a prolonged spring blooming time. This tree 
is in full bloom now at Santa Monica, December, 1895. 
It is reported to be a good bee feed by Prof. Cook. 

A crimson flowered variety, which seems to belong to 
Eucalyptus occidentalis or to Eucalyptus obcordata, (our 
variety Californica, or perhaps Hooker's Eucalyptus platy- 
pus) is practically a perennial and free bloomer. I have yet 
to see this tree without flowers since it first bloomed. Bees 
like it and frequent it. The typical Eucalyptus occidentalis, 
with creamy flowers, is quite a constant bloomer but noth- 
ing like this beautiful crimson flowered variety. 

Eucalyptus occidentalis has two seasons; one com- 
mences in November. This is also the case with Eucalyp- 
tus diversicolor, Eucalyptus Eehmanni and Eucalyptus 
robusta. The latter is a very profuse bloomer, commenc- 
ing one of its seasons in November, and I should think 
would be a good bee feed. Eucalyptus diversicolor flowers 
very freely in December and is popular with bees. Euca- 
lyptus globulus commences a prolonged winter blooming in 
November. It is much sought by bees and must be an 
important source of honey in this county. The blue gum 
is a large tree and is profuse in its flowers. The size of 
the tree and the number of its flowers, together with the 
duration and seasons of blooming and the nectar contents, 
are all favorable to this gum. 

Eucalyptus cornuta has two seasons of blooming, one 
in winter and one in July and August, the last ending 



EUCAL YPTUS. 123 

just about the time the sugar gum, Eucalyptus coryuocalyx, 
begins. The flower of cornuta has a very long lid or cap 
as its name suggests. This cap, when it separates from 
the calyx tube, continues to half cover the stamens for 
some little time. The bees only seek these flowers while 
the cap still partially covers them and not when it is 
entirely off. This is also the case in the closely allied tree 
Eucalyptus Lehmanni, and to a greater or less extent in 
Eucalyptus siderophloia. 

Eucalyptus citriodora, in winter, blooms quite freely in 
its white panicles but only once a year, so far as I know. 
The pronounced lemon scent and fragrant odor of the 
leaves of this species suggests the possibility of some such 
flavor existing in the nectar. Whether such a flavor is 
transferred by bees and recognizable in the honey is for 
practical bee men to say. 

I believe that by some study of this subject species of 
Eucalyptus with plenty of nectar could be so selected as 
to give a constant crop of flowers or flowers at such times 
as these are absent in other plants. 

Nearly all the species have their most luxuriant flow- 
ering time in the winter and early spring. Eucalyptus 
sideroxylon has its main flowering time in the late spring 
and early summer, then comes Eucalyptus cornuta in July 
and August, then Eucalyptus corynocalyx from September 
to November, and then Eucalyptus globulus and Euca- 
lyptus robusta, connecting back by the rich and numerous 
flowers of Eucalyptus polyanthema. 

I am of opinion that all the species that commence 
blooming in November and during the winter continue 
more or less generally their flowering well into the spring 
months. 



124 EUCALYPTUS. 

The drawback to spring flowering Eucalyptus for honey 
is that the distinctive flavor is apt to be mixed with the 
flavor of the highly prized orange flower honey gathered at 
that season. 

BARKS, 

Many of the Eucalyptus trees under observation in 
Southern California are young, say seven to nine years of 
age. The bark in trees of such age is probably not a reli- 
able indication of what the bark is in maturity. This 
source of error must be taken into consideration when stu- 
dying our Eucalypti. Barks here are from a quarter to 
an inch and a quarter thick. 

Eucalyptus globulus (old trees, 20 years) bark decorti- 
cates on lower main stem in small lengths and without 
leaving entirely smooth bark. It is rough, fibrous, thick 
on lower stem to about six feet above the ground. On the 
stem generally, and branches, the bark is shed in long string- 
ers, leaving the new bark smooth. Outer bark light brown 
or greyish ; smooth bark when first exposed, buff turning 
to a light olive or blue-grey. Bark of saplings smooth, 
green, persistent. Twigs of young generally blue, sometimes 
crimson, of older trees, yellow. 

Eucalyptus corynocalyx (10 years) general effect of per- 
sistent bark but it partly sheds in short patches. Main 
stem color a rich cream, of duller color just before decorti- 
cating. Branches are olive or bluish grey before shedding, 
creamy afterward; twigs red. Young trees shed bark in 
short curls, often till seventh or eighth year. 

Eucalyptus calophylla bark of stem rough, fissured, per- 
sistent dull grey. On branches sheds in short patches leav- 



EUCAL YPTUS. 125 

ing new bark a light warm brown; twigs greenish grey or 
crimson or red. Some seven year trees have stem bark 
decorticating in flakes or blisters; outer bark grey, under 
bark buff. 

Eucalyptus di versicolor (Santa Monica, 10 years) stem 
bark persistent, creamy grey, but does shed short pieces; 
smaller branches shed bark; general effect persistent, rough 
fissured at base; twigs green. 

Eucalyptus cornuta (9 years). Bark at base rough, 
persistent, dark grey. Even surfaced and warmer colored 
above, greyish buff, general effect persistent, but sheds 
occasionally in thin small pieces in upper part. Bark on 
branches persistent, lavender grey; twigs red — very young, 
greenish yellow. Saplings shed bark in short curls very 
similar to young sugar gums. This bark shedding seems 
to persist longest in the least vigorous trees of such species 
as eventually have persistent bark. 

Eucalyptus viminalis (8 to 10 years). Stem bark rough, 
persistent, light brownish grey, but does shed little shreds 
in upper part. Branch bark sheds, leaving under bark a 
smooth light grey; twigs red; very 3-oung, yellow green. 

Second variety sheds in long streamers a light, tan- 
colored bark. Smooth bark, white or light buff, or blue- 
white — general effect smooth and white. 

Eucalyptus rostrata (10 yearsj. Stem bark even surface 
persistent, a rose giey or ash grey. Branch bark persis- 
tent, but often sheds small patches at junction with stem; 
twigs red — bright green when young. Young growth of 
sapling and seedlings, red. 

The bark of Eucalyptus tereticornis is similar to that of 
rostrata, in fact these two species merge to each other so 
as to be difficult to definitely separate. 



i26 EUCALYPTUS. 

Eucalyptus lougifolia (20 years). Bark rough, persistent, 
standing on stem in broken flakes which are to some extent 
shed, but do not appear to shed in sufficient quantity to 
change bark appearance. Bark of young trees not so rough 
or flaky. 

Eucalyptus punctata (20 years). General effect of persis- 
tent even-surfaced granular rough bark of rose grey color. 
Sheds in upper stem and branches. New bark bright tan 
and smooth. Some specimens of this tree shed bark only 
on the smaller branches. 

Eucalyptus citriodora (9 years). Smooth from decorti- 
cation; outer bark pink grey; new bark smooth white or 
pinkish white. General effect smooth and white; twigs red. 
Eucalyptus eugenioides (9 years). Bark rough, soft, 
thick and sometimes has effect of being crossed or woven. 
Small branches shed dark grey bark in curls leaving new 
bark tan color and smooth. Stem bark grey with tan 
color showing in the numerous fissures; twigs grey or red. 

Eucalyptus amygdalina, var. angustifolia (9 years). Bark 
even surfaced, persistent; or decorticates, in most ot these 
trees leaving bark smooth, of olive-tinted white. Two 20- 
year old specimens; both shed bark. 

Var. linearis — (bluish leaves). Bark smooth, decorti- 
cates. Old bark slate-colored, new bark, white — white 
bloom on twigs. 

Var. regnans — Bark even surfaced, but somewhat rough, 
grey, persistent; smooth decorticating on young branches; 
twigs yellow or green, on old ones reddish. 

Var. bush. — Bark grey persistent, even surfaced, rather 
smooth. 

Var. — Large fruited; narrow leaved; twigs red; bark, 
slate colored and decorticates, leaving smooth white bark. 



EUCALYPTUS. 127 

Var. — Very narrow thick leaf; strong small tree; bark 
on stem sheds; leaving new bark smooth white. 

The varieties of Eucalypytus amygdalina, angustifolia 
and linearis are named for convenience, but their botanic 
descriptions are too meagre to be relied on. 

Eucalyptus Gunnii (9 years). Bark persistent close to 
base, otherwise sheds in short brown pieces. New bark 
smooth white. 

Eucalyptus Planchoniana (9 years). Bark sheds, smooth 
bluish grey. 

Eucalyptus polyanthema. Surface even, flakey rough, 
persistent, or perhaps shedding slowly in small pieces, and 
without general effect. Branches smooth, spotted from 
decortication. 

Eucalyptus macrorrhyncha (9 years). Rough, brown, 
fibrous, persistent. 

Eucalyptus Stuartiana (9 years). Bark brown, persis- 
tent and rough on stem; smooth or decorticated on branches, 
blue bloom on twigs. 

Eucalyptus melliodora (9 years). Bark even surfaced, 
somewhat rough, persistent, warm tan grey; branches shed, 
leaving mottled appearance. 

Eucalyptus gomphocephala (9 years). Bark dark grey, 
even surfaced, rough, persistent. 20-year specimen bark 
very dark colored. Branchlets decorticate leaving new bark 
smooth and white. Twigs reddish yellow. 

Eucalyptus Eehmanni (9 years). Bark shed in small 
curly pieces; new bark, smooth brown. 

Eucalyptus rudis. Bark smooth, mottled from decorti- 
cation; twigs red. 

Eucalyptus occidentalis. Bark on stem grey, rough, 
flakey, mostly persistent. Branches smooth, light buff from 



128 EUCAL YPTUS. 

decortication; twigs red, or very young, greenish yellow. 

Var. Californicus. Bark sheds in short flakes leaving 
new bark smooth buff; outer color, rose grey; twigs and 
branchlets green, only grey or brownish just before shed- 
ding. Yellow flowering variety has green twigs but red old 
branchlets. 

Eucalyptus obcordata. Same, except branchlets dark 
red before decorticating, and only extreme new growth 
green. 

Eucalyptus sideroxylon, bark red, often very dark, fis- 
sured, rough, persistent. 

Branches in marked contrast, bluish grey, smooth, and 
shed bark. 

Eucalyptus leucoxylon, bark smooth from decortication, 
color blueish-white or very light buff. Twigs reddish, 
new growth green. 

Eucalyptus robusta, bark rough, brownish or grey, per- 
sistent ; twigs red. 

Eucalyptus pauciflora, bark smooth, white from decorti- 
cation. 

Eucalyptus siderophloia, bark rough, persistent, brown- 
ish grey. Branches smooth decorticating ; twigs red. 

Eucalyptus obliqua, bark rough, persistent, brown ; 
twigs dark red. 

Eucalyptus botryoides (20 years), bark on main stem, 
rough, persistent, dark grey, decorticates on branches, 
outer bark, then tan colored, inner or new bark smooth, 
shaded, sometimes olive or warm buff color. One specimen 
at Scharffs sheds bark on main stem. This stem has 
appearance of other botryoides branches. The twigs on 
the persistent bark specimens are green, while on the 
decorticating one these are wine red. 



EUCALYPTUS. r2 g 

Eucalyptus saligna sheds bark, and looks like decorti- 
cating botryoides. These two species are difficult to sepa- 
rate when Eucalyptus botryoides decorticates throughout. 
Eucalyptus botryoides has hemi-ellipsoid, angular fruits, 
almost or entirely without stalklets. Eucalyptus saligna 
has bell-shaped or semi-ovate fruit, not angular, and here at 
least, the stalklet is quite distinct. Twigs in Eucalyptus 
saligna green. If the twig colors are a persistent charac- 
teristic, the decorticating botryoides must be a varietv 
whose red twig color would easily distinguish it from, 
saligna. 

Baron Von Mueller at one time suggested a classifica- 
tion of the Eucalyptus on their cortical systems. His 
divisions were as follows : 

Leiophloite, bark smooth from decorticating, as in Euca- 
lyptus globulus ; or persistent even surfaced, as in Euca- 
lyptus rostrata. 

Rhytiphloiae, rough or even surfaced bark, with main 
'-tern not decorticating, Eucalyptus resinifera, Eucalyptus 
cornuta, Eucalyptus robusta. 

Inophloiae, bark rough, persistent on stem. Eucalyptus 
Stuartiana, Eucalyptus eugenioid.es. 

Lepidophloia.% persistent bark on stem, laminated, friable, 
easily separated. Eucalyptus miniata, Eucalyptus phoeuicia. 

Pachyphloise, as in Eucalyptus ptychocarpa. This tree 
has a grey, wrinkled, everywhere persistent, somewhat fib- 
rous bark. 

Sehizophloiaj, bark rough, persistent, as in Eucalyptus 
calophylla, Eucalyptus sideroxylon. 

I have not seen an account of Baron Von Mueller's 
system, but judge from his notes on Eucalyptus trees that 
the classification was made on a microscopic study of the 

9 



i jo EUCAL YPTUS. 

barks. The superficial appearance of the barks of the trees 
does not command a ready assent to Von Mueller's cortical 
-arrangement of them. The bark of Eucalyptus robusta or 
Eucalyptus corymbosa is, in looks, not at all like that of 
Eucalyptus cornuta, but these are classed together in the 
Rhytiphloiae. Nor is the bark of Eucalyptus rostrata out- 
wardly even suggestive of that of Eucalyptus globulus, 
though these two stand corticallv together in Leiophloise. 
Prof. Maiden writes me from Sydney that he considers 
the cortical classification the best for field use. 



, . , „ , : Kino-tannie 

In 100 parts of fresh Bark. Acid 



Eucalyptus Leucoxylon (rough-barked) our sider- 

oxylon 21.94 51-13 

globulus 4.84 51.54 

rostrata S.22 5T.16 

Gunnii 3.44 54-09 

polyanthema 3.97 46.66 

melliodora 4.03 54-94 

obliqua 2.50 3681 

obliqua 4- 19 51-59 

amygdalina (rough-barked) 3.40 43-25 

amygdalina (rough-barked) 3 22 39-63 

goniocalyx 4.62 51.00 

gouiocalyx 4.12 45-5Q 

macrorrhyncha 11. 12 35-91 

macrorrhyncha 13.31 39-56 

viminalis (smooth -bark 1 4.88 52.88 

viminalis (rough-bark) 5.03 54.10 

viminalis (young-tree) 5.97 55.03 



Table from F. v. MUELLER. 



EUCALYPTUS. i 3 t 



6AINITARY. 

To the planting of Eucalyptus trees in malarial districts 
has been very generally attributed an ameliorating effect 
upon human health. This is a question of so much in- 
terest and importance that it deserves special consideration. 

Malarial fevers have a wide range in the climatic belts 
adapted to one or another of the Eucalypti. These fevers 
prevail usually in low or marshy places, where the soil 
water is not far from the surface, and where there is a 
prolonged period in the year when the temperature stands 
constantly above 62 ° F. Some upland valleys also suffer 
severly from disorders due to malarial poison. A slight 
elevation in a malarial country is often more dangerous 
than the lowest places. 

The malarial germ is doubtless introduced into the 
human organism both by water and by air. It is probable 
that foods, such as milk, may also serve as vehicles of in- 
troduction. 

All forms of malaria are endemic or purely local dis- 
eases. 

The only exceptions to this are of children born to a 
parent suffering with malaria, at the time of fecundation of 
the egg. 

A number of Scotch cases are on record of inherited 
malarial trouble, in all of them from the father. In this 
respect malaria resembles the dreadful inheritances of 
syphilis. — {Medical Record, N. V., Fournier, Paris.) 



j 3 2 EUCALYPTUS, 

The evidence seems fairly conclusive that the ordinary 
American types of malaria are most frequently occasioned 
in humanity by the drinking of unboiled water from shal- 
low wells. 

I have a great number of instances that go to show this 
to be the case. 

C. Buhman of L,os Angeles, formerly a resident of dale.-- 
burg, Illinois, tells me that the boiling of the drinking 
water in that place which he states to have become gen- 
eral at one time, did not eradicate malarial fevers but did 
so much diminish these fevers in the population both as to 
numbers attacked and the intensity in those who were still 
affected that he and others attributed the improvement to 
boiling the drinking water. 

At Bakersfield, Central California, there prevailed for- 
merly a specially malignant form of malarial fever. It was 
sometimes called dengue but more generally "Bakersfield 
fever." At that time the drinking water all came from 
shallow wells. 

While the district in and about Bakersfield has received 
a great accession of population the people now have a 
healthy look very different from the old appearance and the 
malignant fever so well known to old timers is no longer 
heard of. The drinking water now comes from deep arte- 
sian wells. 

The turning up of earth produces in malarial districts 
an access of disease which I think must be attributed to 
air infection. 

Dr. J. J. Salisbury of Cleveland, Ohio, made a careful 
series of experiments on the saliva of numerous residents 
in a malarial district. 

Amongst the other forms of bacterial life in the saliva 



EUCALYPTUS. /,-,- 

was always found certain, algoids resembling the palmeliae. 
Similar examination of saliva of residents of non-malarious 
districts showed none of this particular form of bacteria. 
Dr. Salisbury's researches were carefully made and the mi- 
croscopical work well checked. 

His conclusions were that malarial fever was produced 
by spores of bacteria that rose only a definite distance 
from the soil level in infected districts, and that these were 
never present in the air during the day. Dr. Salisbury's 
work was done in his course of instruction at the medical 
school of Cleveland. These researches attracted more 
attention abroad than at home. The work was translated 
into French and first published in the Revue des Cours 
Scientifiques of November 6, 1X69. 

The saliva of all those examined in the malarial district 
contained the special form of bacteria to which he attrib- 
uted the disease. If his conclusions and the later ones of 
Crudeli are correct, and those also of the water infec- 
tionists, we must say that malaria comes from both causes. 

In 188 1 Dr. Alphonse Laveran discovered the Plasmo- 
dium of malaria, which he named " oscillaria malaria." 
His description is considered more correct than that of 
Klebs and Crudeli. 

I present the following conclusions on malaria: 

First — That malarial disease is primarily due to a 
bacillus of certain type. 

Second — That such bacilli germs are found in the soil, 
air and water of malarial districts. 

Third — That neither water alone, air alone, or soil 
done, will support the life history of the malarial bacillus 

Fourth That the germ of malaria may be carried in 
earth, air or water. 



134 EUCALYPTUS. 

Fifth — That the development, of malarial bacteria in 
sufficient quantities to attack and overcome the resistance 
of human beings can only take place in localities without 
complete natural or artificial drainage, where the sub-sur- 
face water remains stagnant and where the temperature for 
a prolonged period remains constantly above 62 F. 

Individuals vary as to their susceptibility of infection. 

First — As to method of introduction of infection. 

Second — As to individual resistance. 

Third— As to condition of individual during exposure. 

Salisbury's work points to the air as the main source 
of infection. The spread of malarial disease to leaward of 
regularly affected localities and the wide spread dread of 
night air in all the old malaria-cursed districts of the 
world point in the same direction. 

Senator Tommasi Crudeli, the distinguished collaborator 
of Klebs, takes a similar view in his studies of Italian 
malaria. R. Carlotti speaks of wind-carried malaria in 
Corsica. 

Malarial disease has been diminished by quinine, by 
drainage, by permanent flooding in the* hot season (Egypt), 
by gates on seacoast lagoons which close with the rising 
tide and open for the exit of fre<h water at low tide 
(coast of Tuscany), and it is claimed by planting certain 
species of Eucalyptus, especially Eucalyptus globulus and 
Eucalyptus amygdalina. 

As far as I can learn the first published investigation 
of the prophilactic and therapeutic value of the Eucalyptus 
was by M. Tristani, a Spanish physician in the Compilador 
Medico, 1865. 

It is in Spain that we still find the greatest belief in 
the medicinal value of the Eucalyptus. In that country 



EUCAL YPTUS. r 35 

the people have gone beyond reason ; indeed they may be 
said to regard the healing power of the Eucalyptus with 
the confidence of superstition. 

In Cordova the young Eucalyptus trees were stripped 
of their leaves and it was impossible to keep them alive 
until guards, to prevent this leaf stripping, were appointed. 

From Cordova the Eucalyptus craze spread through 
other Spanish towns, traces of which are to be found in 
their municipal regulations, such, for instance, as the one 
prohibiting the picking of Eucalyptus leaves without an 
official permit issued only on evidence of the medical need 
of applicant. 

Travellers had long before noted the use of poultices of 
Eucalyptus leaves of different species by the natives of 
Australia for wounds, but without attracting attention to 
the application of such remedy to the Aryan. 

One case is of record of a native Australian so severely 
wounded in the abdomen that the intestines protruded and 
had to be pushed back, who was treated by a poultice of 
Eucalyptus leaves and recovered without even severe 
inflammation. 

I have observed in our western plains the use of 
tobacco on severe wounds by guides and trappers with a 
similar result of preventing pus and promoting the prompt 
healing of wounds. 

There is a disposition to ridicule what are called "old 
woman remedies," — that is, the application by teas, poul- 
tices, etc., from the fresh leaves, roots, etc., of plants tor 
healing hurt humanity. The term ''old woman" came to 
be applied because in the early scarcity of physicians in 
America the duty of care in sickness fell upon the most 
experienced women, whose energies at that time were cen- 



/j6 EUCALYPTUS. 

tered in the home. For my part I think that these old 
fashioned ways of using nature's remedies are too much 
neglected. If there is any laugh on such a question it 
would round itself out much better in the confusion of drug 
quality in a regular drug store than in the fresh infusion 
from the leaves of a medicinal plant picked when needed 
or in the various poultices, etc., of the now nearly extinct 
medically competent housewife. 

There have been various examinations of drugs taken 
from different drug stores. The extraordinary variations in 
both the strength and quality of drugs thus shown are 
enough to seriously shake our confidence in the use of any 
drugs. New York v State drug examinations have made 
expositions of drugs too strong, drugs too weak, and drugs 
entirely devoid of qualities for which they are used. This 
point is noted because where the Eucalyptus will grow the 
leaves can be had at any time. Their use for a tea and 
especially in external application, as in poultices, or in 
fumes when burning or steamed, can be had in all the 
force of freshness. 

One of the great advantages of the Eucalyptus medici- 
nally is its soothing quality and non-irritant effect, espec- 
ially on the kidneys. It is in this respect very different 
from the product' of the pine, the camphor tree, etc. This 
characteristic gives Eucalyptus preparations great value in 
tht cure of troubles of the mucous membrane of the stom- 
ach, bladder and urethra. An appendix gives the official 
status of the Eucalyptus in medicine. 

The principal claim for medicinal virtue in the Eucalyp- 
tus has been prophylactic. The Eucalyptus tree's power of 
preventing disease has not, I believe, been claimed to go 
beyond those forms due to malaria. It gained such a rep- 



EUCALYPTUS. 137 

utation for preventing all forms of malaria that one of its 
species; the Eucalyptus globulus, was widely known as the 
"fever tree." The facts in regard to this matter are not 
in a reliable condition. We may put what we know in 
condensed form as follows: 

Malaria is either mild or absent in Central and Southern 
Australia and in Tasmania. 

Malaria seems entirely absent in the native haunts of 
Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus urnigera, Eucalyptus 
coccifera, Eucalyptus amygdalina, Eucalyptus diversicolor, 
Eucalyptus calophylla, Eucalyptus leucoxylon, and other 
less important species. 

This point is not reliably ascertained, but it is approxi- 
mately as stated. Its value is not as great as might appear. 

There is about the same absence of malaria in New 
Zealand where the Eucalyptus has no native representative. 
The disease is absent in the Scotch heathered hills, in the 
red wood districts of California, in the pine, cedar and 
sequoia forests of the Sierra Nevada, in the pine and spruce 
Crests of the Sierra Madre of Eos Angeles, and in the chap- 
parral of the coast counties of California. Southern Cali- 
fornia has practically no malaria — a happy exemption that 
might be attributed in one place to various artemisia, in 
another to greasewood, in another to the giant Mojave 
cactus, and perhaps most agreeably to the red live oak. 
The cause of our Coast California general exemption from 
malaria mu.it be due mainly to the fact that the nights are 
too cool for the life history of the malarial bacillus. A 
similar temperature inhibition exists in Tasmania and in 
the mountains of Australia. There are surely enough 
undrained, swampy and sour lands here, known locally as 



138 E UCA L YPTUS. 

"eienegas," to produce malaria if something else essential 
for its life were not absent. 

In Queensland and generally in the tropical parts of 
Australia malarial fevers are quite prevalent and so, also, 
are largely represented considerable numbers of species of 
Eucalyptus; not, however, those named. 

Those species of Eucalyptus found in Queensland are 
in an appendix. It is by no means certain that malaria 
is found where each of these species grow. It is, how- 
ever, absolutely certain that various species of Eucalyptus 
and malignant malaria can exist together. 

The Eucalypti that have been at all popular in Cali- 
fornia that are native to Queensland and North Australia 
are Eucalyptus pilularis, Eucalyptus sideroxylon, Euca- 
lyptus hemiphloia, Eucalyptus siderophloia, Eucalyptus 
maculata, Eucalyptus rostrata, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Eu- 
calyptus resinefera and Eucalyptus robusta. There are 
others like Eucalyptus corymbosa, Eucalyptus paniculata, 
Eucalyptus crebra, Eucalyptus hsemastoma, etc., which 
may prove valuable to us when better known. 

The Eucalypti have been extensively planted in Corsica, 
Italy, Algiers, India, the South of France, Spain, Cali- 
fornia and in a smaller way in England and its outlying 
islands, in the Argentine, Mauritius, Zanzibar, Cuba, .Spain, 
Cape Colony, and by the Russians east of the Caspian Sea. 
In Corsica, Italy, and in Algiers the planting of Euca- 
lyptus, mainly Eucalyptus globulus, has been generally fol- 
lowed by or happened with marked improvement in the 
local health, especially as to malaria. 

I have not been able to check up the conditions before 
and after the Eucalyptus planting. Nearly every case of 
Eucalyptus planting and better health was accompanied by 



EUCALYPTI'S. J39 

other works conducive to better sanitary conditions. 
Drainage works, intensive cultivation, better human quar- 
ters, better drinking water, etc., etc. 

In Southern California we have no endemic malarial 
disease, unless there be mild forms in far interior points 
where the nights for sufficiently long periods are warm 
enough. We have consequently been unable to look over 
the local field for the effects of Eucalyptus trees on 
malaria. In Central California, however, it is claimed that 
plantations of Eucalyptus globulus have diminished or 
stopped malaria. Delano has been cited as a striking in- 
stance of this. We know that a number of species, nota- 
bly the fast growing ones, have a drainage power in them- 
selves. This power is well recognized here and results in 
the planting of Eucalyptus trees about cesspools and their 
being cut down along orchard dines from which they draw 
the moisture. Cesspools that overflowed and caused uneasi- 
ness and care have been kept down or dry by Eucalyptus 
trees. This is one way in which this tree might amelio- 
rate malarial conditions. 

Another is by its essential oil contained in quantity in 
the foliage 'of many of the species; these leaves contain an 
oil, etc., that is, in concentrated form, fatal to all insect and 
bacterial life. It occurred to me that the constantly falling 
leaves from species highly charged with Eucalyptus oil 
might disinfect the ground and ground water about them. 
I have found but little encouragement for such an opinion 
in mv rather superficial experiments. 

Prof. A. J. McClatchie kindly examined several jars of 
water into which leaves of Eucalyptus globulus were 
placed at the Throop Polytechnic Institute. Ordinary bac- 
teria were found by him in great quantity in the jars at 



140 EUCALYPTUS. 

the usual period, about as they would have oecured had 
the leaves been from other trees. There was this excep- 
tional fact, the odor of leaf decay was entirely absent. I 
tried four jars with one-half pound meat in each of them. 
First jar contained meat alone. 

Second jar contained meat and Eucalyptus leaves. 
Third jar contained water and meat alone. 
Fourth jar contained water, meat and Eucalyptus leaves. 
The leaves were of Eucalyptus globulus. The experi- 
ment commenced on March 13th, 1895. The temperature, 
where the jars were, did not go above 8o° until May, 
when it remained for some time with a daily maximum 
above that and for several days even above 90 . In other , 
words, we had in May the desert influence for several days 
and an unusual heat such as for a few days we are liable 
to at nearly ever}' part of the year. 

March 17. Water jar meat without Eucalyptus spoiled. 
19. This jar very bad. 

19. Dry meat without Eucalyptus spoiled ; fungoid 
growth on this meat not seen in dry jar with 
Eucalyptus. 
26. Jar with meat and Eucalyptus leaves dry, 

spoiled. 
26. Spilled water accidentally out of jar with meat, 
water and Eucalyptus leaves. Meat all right; 
smelt very strong of Eucalyptus. Put back 
same meat with fresh Eucalyptus leaves and 
tresh water. 
May 10. First sign by oder of meat decay in this jar. 
12. Did not seem to increase, but odor distinctly 
bad. Threw it away. 
This experiment indicates that Eucalyptus globulus 



EUCALYPTUS. in 

'eaves retard decay and are especially unfavorable to certain 
bacterial growths when soaked in still water. 

Tims Eucalyptus globulus leaves in stagnant swampy 
places would probably diminish the vitality, if not destroy 
the bacteria of meat decay. What effect they would have 
on malarial bacteria is not indicated. 

The jars were all left open and stood together in a 
large cool closet. 

The Eucalyptus globulus leaves are largely used here 
in clothes as we used to employ camphor against moths. 

One of the large clothing houses in Los Angeles uses 
the young blue gum leaves in place of the very disagreable 
tar generally employed against moths with success. The 
great advantage to the house, as Mr. Wiener says, is in 
avoiding the very annoying smell of the tar preparation. 

I use the Eucalyptus globulus leaves successfully against 
moths by hanging branches in the clothes closets and plat- 
ing leaves amongst the clothes but it is not a complete 
guarantee against moths. It is said that this foliage will 
drive off mosquitos. I do not know how this is, but have 
seen standing water within fifty feet of Eucalyptus trees 
produce a few dull mosquitos, in a semi-occasional way. 
I have also seen the liveliest mosquitos and most savage 
stingers of California in the Eucalyptus groves along the 
Santa Barbara Coast. On the other hand at Nice, France, 
the annual tree trimming is followed by the natives to 
possess themselves of branches to hang in their houses. 
The object is both sanitary and anti-insect. 

Camphor, oil of lavender, i pint to 5 of water, and 
kerosene oil, are used here against insects with a success 
that apparently varies with the individual experimenter. 
The common pyrethenum is fatal to insects in powder 



j 4 2 EUCALYPTUS. 

or in fumes from burning. I have, in central Egypt, 
killed the flies in a large room even' night to prevent 
their early morning buzzing. I did this by closing it 
after sunset and burning pyretherium. The room was 
then reopened to get rid of the smell. Every fly was 
killed. Still, here in California, I have repeatedly failed 
to kill insects with this powder. On examining the pow- 
der, or rather having it examined for me, I discovered 
that it was adulterated, and, in several samples, con- 
tained no pyretherium whatever. 

Differing results by experimenters with other agents 
may be due to a similar cause. 

We use tobacco infusion against scale insects success- 
fully, and could probably use one made from Eucalyptus 
leaves with equal effect. 

I have a rain water cistern at my house which re- 
ceives its supply trom a roof on which Eucalyptus leaves 
are constantly falling, thence being washed into the cis- 
tern. From this cause the rain water has a slight 
amber tint and a scarcely perceptible Eucalyptus odor. 
This water never has had the disagreeable smell that occurs 
usually in rain water shortly after it is stored, and 
which afterwards disappears. 

We have here a long dry season during which the water 
in the cistern would have ample opportunities to go through 
what is called in Louisiana "curing." 

This curing I presume is really a process of fermenta- 
tion of matter carried down with the precipitated rain 
water from the air. 

I know no other rain water tank here, so that I am un- 
able to learn in the same air conditions what would happen 
to rain water without Eucalyptus leaves. 



EUCALYPTI s. r 43 

I have tried a smudge of Eucalyptus leaves, meaning 
always Blue gum, on flies that came into my house in 
great numbers during the hauling of barn-yard manure 
in one of my orchards. 

The smudge was made in a room 20x20 with French 
windows. The large chimney and loose window fitting 
made it anything but air-tight. 

The flies from being aggressive, all collected on the 
windows as though they would have escaped if possible, 
and became very sluggish. A few died. 

Some other leaf smudge would doubtless have done as 
much. I can recollect making grass smudges in the Wyo- 
ming vSloughs in banked up tents to kill the mosquitoes so 
that we could sleep. This process was exceedingly disa- 
greeable while going on but a great comfort to the sleep- 
ers in that extraordinary mosquito haven. The great 
question then was which was worst, the day or the night 
mosquitoes. 

During my residence in Egypt I followed the custom of 
the country and had during the day an attendant who con- 
stantly swished the flies away with a long switch of split 
reeds. ' 

The wire screen is a means of keeping flies and also 
light and free circulation of air out of a house. 

But these, as one of our literary lights says, are all 
other stories. 

The claimed effect of Eucalyptus trees on bacterial life 
can be gathered by the instances mentioned below. 

While these instances do not conclusively show any effect 
upon malaria by Eucalyptus trees, they do show by the 
general improvement in health where these trees succeeded 
that there is nothing in them against health. 



1 44 EUCALYPTUS. 

The Spanish prejudice or superstition in favor of the 
tree has its counterpart in the regrettable crusade again-: 
the Pride of India, a tree that once shaded nearly all r 
Charleston's streets in South Carolina. 

Some one started the idea during an epidemic of yellow 
fever that these trees were the breeders of infectious dis- 
eases and especially ot yellow lever. The idea spread like 
the infection itself and swept the beautiful shade trees be- 
fore it. 

As the Pride of In Ha had absolutely nothing to do with 
producing yellow fever in Charleston so it may be that the 
luicalyptus has really done nothing against malaria. 



INSTANCES OP IMPROVED HEALTH ATTRIBUTED TO 
EUCALYPTUS PLANTING, 



M. Regulus Carlotti, the distinguished Corsican forester, 
has collected in his monograph entitled " Assainessemeut 
des Regions Chaudes Insalubres " a large number of instan- 
ces of increased salubrity attributed to the planting ot Euca- 
lyptus. Amongst these he cites Chiavari on the east coast 
of Corsica. This is a penal station situated on the edge of 
the East Corsican plain that is so unhealthy that it is in 
summer practically uninhabitable. At Chiavari in 1855 (the 
date I believe of its establishment) they lost 65 of each 
100 prisoners by death. This frightful mortality is suffi- 
cient proof of its sanitary condition. The works undertaken 
at this place, comprised intensive culture, drainage work- 
and the planting of Eucalyptus globulus. M. Carlotti re- 
ports the death rate at present to be normal. Drainage 



EUCALYPTUS. r 45 

works seem to have accompanied the planting of Eucalyp- 
tus in the cases where the hest authenticated sanitary im- 
provement occurred. M. Lambert, an Algerian forest offi- 
cer, states that in the Forest of St. Ferdinand he had a 
station so unhealthy that it was uninhabitable. After the 
growth of a plantation of Eucalyptus set out at that point 
the fevers disappeared and an agent, already suffering from 
malaria moved to this station, entirely recovered. 

Besides these M. Carlotti cites the great improvement 
at the Maison-Carree in Algiers and in the Commune of 
Columb in the Republic of Columbia in South America, 
due to extensive Eucalyptus planting. 

M. Gimbert, in a communication to the Academy of 
Sciences, takes strong ground in favor of the sanitary value 
of Eucalyptus plantations. Amongst the places cited by 
him to establish his point are the environs of Constantine 
Algiers, the Cape of Good Hope Colony, and in the French 
Departement du Var. 

In No. 168 of our Consular Reports, obtained at my 
request, there are a number of valuable reports on this 
question. 

All of these many experiments of Eucalyptus planting 
for health improvement, are favorably spoken of except 
in the report of Prof. Tommasi-Crudeli. This distin- 
guished scientific man does not think that Eucalyptus 
planting will entirely prevent malaria. He examined the 
locations in Italy where benefits from this source were 
claimed, and shows that malaria has recurred in some of 
them, and that drainage works had been carried out in these 
places as well as Eucalyptus tree planting. A contro- 
versy has sprung up on this question, especially as to the 

ects of Eucalyptus planting at Tre Fontane in the 
10 



EUCALYPTUS. 

Roman campagna. The last word on this subject that I 
have seen is a pamphlet defending the anti-malarial value 
of the Eucalyptus at that monastery by Father Franchtno. 



EUCALYPTUS ON THE ROHAN CAMPAGNA, 



Questions on the sanitary effects of the Eucalyptus plan- 
tations made at the abbey of the Tre Fontane on the Ro- 
man Campagna, answered by the abbey authorities. October 
4th, 1895, obtained through the courtesy of the Countess 
Constance Gianotti. 

1. What species of Eucalyptus have been planted? 

Ans. Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus resinifera, Euca- 
lyptus rostrata, Eucalyptus vimiualis, Iron-Bark, Eucalyptus 
Gunnii, Eucalyptus tereticoruis, Eucalyptus Stuartiana, Euca- 
lyptus uringera, Eucalyptus populifolia, Eucalyptus poly an - 
anthema, Eucalyptus goniocalyx and others. 

The Iron Bark is probably Eucalyptus sideroxylon. K.) 

2. What is the area of Eucalyptus plantations? 
Ans. 50 hectares (about 125 acres. K.) 

3. What was the sanitary condition before plantations 
were made ? 

Ans. Bad. 

4. What has been the sanitary condition since Euca- 
lyptus plantations? 

Ans. Better, quite supportable. 

5. What other works of health improvement have been 
undertaken ? 

Ans. Making ditches. 



El CALYPTUS. i (j 



EUCALYPTUS MEDICINALLY, 

Preparations of Eucalyptus are used here quite exten- 
sively and the demand is rapidly increasing. The standing 
of Eucalyptus as a curative agent is higher amongst the 
laity than it is amongst the doctors. Teas and poultices 
made from Eucalyptus leaves are quite popular in Cali- 
fornia for colds and grippe. Leaves are also steamed for 
this purpose. A- few drops of Eucalyptus oil in a hot 
bath is agreeable and reputed to be a nerve sedative. 
This treatment reduces the size of engorged spleens and 
is a palliative or cure in malaria. Preparations from the 
leaves are used in candy, for colds, in amycose as a 
hair restorer, in cigarettes for catarrh and in lozenges for 
the throat, hoarseness, etc. The most agreeable of these 
lozenges that 1 have tried are the "Mission Lozenges," 
made in Riverside, Cal. These have a good reputation 
amongst singers and speakers. All these preparations are 
from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus. All our Cali- 
fornia Eucalyptus oil is from the same species. This 
unity of the source of supply has the great advantage 
of giving a reliable percentage of Eucalyptol, to which, 
principally, the curative effects are attributed. The Eu- 
calyptus species vary greatly in the proportion of Euea- 
lyptol that their oils carry. In some there is no Eucalyp- 
tol, this principle being replaced in some cases by Phellan- 
drene. The Australian oils are from mixed species and 
to a considerable extetit from Eucalyptus amygdalina leaves. 
This species, by the most recent analysis contains no Euca- 
lyptol. It seems unfortunate that this large oil yielder 



j ,s EUCALYPTUS. 

contains only Phellandrene. This principle appears to have 
curative properties similar to those of Encalyptol and may 
be quite as effective. The chemical formulas of these two 
principles are. 

Kucalyptol, C 10 H l6 O. 

Phellandrene, C'° H l6 . 

Eucalyptus globulus oil contains about 60 per cent of 
Eucalyptol. The purchase of this oil is much the cheapest 
way to obtain Eucalyptol. 

The Australian producers, Messrs. Sanders <S: Sons 
and Messrs. J. Bosisto & Co., have quarreled a great 
deal over the value of different species of Eucalyptus as 
sources of oil. Merle's "Eucalyptol," made in Darmstadt, 
is deemed reliable. While reliable supplies of oil from the 
leaves of Eucalyptus globulus are in the market, it is un- 
necessary to go to the expense of purchasing Eucalyptol. 
Eucalyptus preparations are claimed to be soothing and 
curative to the mucous membrane in the stomach, bladder 
and urethra, as well as to that in the nose and throat. 

Listerine is a valuable and standard medium of the 
antiseptic use of Eucalyptus oil. 

Eucalyptus lozenges made of the kino of Eucalyptus 
rostrata are prepared by Messrs. Wyeth Bros., Philadelphia. 
These are strongly astringent. 

Euclyptus oil sprayed once or twice a day in a sick 
room takes off the stuffy or sick room smell and has the 
effect of making the air feel brighter and more stimulating. 
When to these good qualities we add the authenticated 
antiseptic effects of Eucalyptus oil, we may well be sur- 
prised that it or some similar agent is not universally used 
in sick rooms, hospitals and maternity wards. The spray 
is used in diphtheria. 



EUCALYPTUS. //y 

( From Pharmacology of the Materia Medica.) 

EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS, Sabil. 



Synonyms. — Australian Gum Tree, Blue Gum Tree, Fever Tree, Iron 
Bark, Woolly Butt. 

(Iron Bark and Woolly Butt are not .synonyms of Eucalyptus 
globulus. — Ed. ) 
Part Employed. — The leaves. 
Natural Order. — Myrtaceae. 
Habitat. — Australia. 

Properties. — Stimulant, aphrdoisiac, antispasmodic and eminently anti- 
septic in its action ; recommended in the treatment of intermittents, 
especially in those chronic varieties in which quinine has failed; also 
in septic fevers, diphtheria, etc. As an antispasmodic it is useful in 
asthma, but its chief uses depend upon its antiseptic character. 
Thus it is employed in the treatment of fcetid breath, ulcers (syphi- 
litic and otherwise), purulent catarrhal affections of the bladder, 
urethra and vagina, spongy and bleeding gums, etc.; externally, 
suitably diluted, the fruit extract is employed also as a disinfectant 
lotion in gangrenous or fcetid suppuraticm, foul ulcers and offensive 
discharges of the skin. 
Preparations. — Eucalyptus Oil; dose, 5 to 30 minims (0.3 to 2 C. c). 

Capsules. Oil Eucalyptus, in soft gelatin; Oil Eucalyptus, 
true, 5 minims; Oil Sweet Almond, 5 minims; also 
in hard gelatin, substituting olive for the almond 
oil; a favorite method of Prof. H. C. Wood of exhi- 
biting this remedy as a stimulating expectorant; he 
recommends that it be given 4 times daily in 10- 
ininim doses. 
Fluid Extract Eucalyptus. U. S. 1'.; not miscible with 

water; dose, 15 to 60 minims (1 to 4 C. c). 
Powdered Extract F^ucalyptus; of the same strength as 
the solid extract, prepared by evaporating, at a low 
temperature, the solid extract, and replacing the 
moisture with powdered F)ucalyptus leaves; dose, 3 
to 10 grains (0.2 to 0.65 Gm.). 
Solid Fvxtract Eucalyptus; one part equals 5 leaves; 

dose, 3 to 10 grains (0.2 to 0.65 Gm.). 
Elixir Eucalyptus Compound ; each fluid ounce repre- 
sents ingredients specified; Eucalyptus Globulus, 15 
grs. ; Wild Cherry, i6grs.; Gentian, 4 grs.; Licorice. 
15 grs.; Dandelion, 20 grs.; Syr. Yerba Santa Arom., 
30 minims. 



El CAL YPTUS. 

Inhalant, Eucalyptus, No. 7 of P., D. & Co. 's series of 
inhalants; Oil Eucalyptus, 1 fluidrachui; Inhalant 
No. 1 (neutral oil), 1 fluidounce; used with advan- 
tage in foetid brochitis, diphtheria, etc. 

Lozenges, Eucalyptus, containing: Ext. Eucalyptus, 
true, 3 grs. ; Ext. Licorice, 1 gr. 

Pills, Eucalyptus Compound, 1 5-8 gr.; Ext. Eucalyptus, 
1 gr.; Ext. Canadian Hemp, ', gr. ; Sanguinarin, 
1-8 gr. 

Pills, Eucalyptus Extract, 2 grs. 

Pills, Eever and Ague, 2 grs.; Ext. Eucalyptus, ' 4 gr.; 
Chinoidin, 1 gr. ; Iron Ferrocyanide, l 2 gr.; Powd. 
Capsicum. ' + gr.; Arsenious acid, 1-200 gr. 

THE CHEMISTRY OF EUCALYPTUS. 

Hartzer- (1870) obtained from the leaves tannin, eery lie or an allied 
alcohol, a erystallizable fatty acid — the sodium salt of which is soluble in 
ether— and three resins, one of which has acid properties, and yields with 
sulphuric acid a carmine-colored copulated acid, becoming violet with 
ether. 

E. S. Waynej ' £870) likewise isolated an acid resin, which he found 
to be crystalizable, and to give a brown-red reaction with ferric chloride. 
The most important constituent, however, is the volatile oil, of which the 
leaves yield about 6 per cent. 

The United States Pharmacopieia recognizes the oil obtained from 
Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus amagdaliua and some other species of 
Eucalyptus. % 

These volatile oils are colorless or pale yellow, thin liquids becoming 
thicker and somewhat darker by age. They are neutral to test-paper, 
are highly and more or less pungently aromatic in odor and taste, that of 
Eucalyptus globulus being camphoraceous, that of Eucalyptus amygda- 
lina somewhat resembling peppermint, while others have a more terebin- 
thinate or lemon-like odor, and that of Eucalyptus persicifolia, or peach 
gum, like oil of bitter almonds, with which it agrees in containing hydro- 
cyanic acid. The specific gravity of these oils varies between .88 and .94, 
and their boiling points between about 130 and 200° C. (266° and 392 F.) 

The dextrogyre oil of Eucalyptus globulus was examined by Cloez 
( 1S70) and by Faust and Homeyer (1874). Cloez regarded the oil as be- 
ing chiefly composed of Eucalyptol, C I2 H2cO, boiling at 178 C. (352 4 F.) 
and yielding with phosphoric anhydride two compounds. C ,2 H rS , of 

• American Journal of Pharmacy, 1876, p 
t American Journal of Pharmacy, 1876, p 

I This error I have referred to, Eucalyptus gobulus oil containing eucalyptol and 
Eucalyptus amygdalina, rhellandrene. 



EUCALYPTUS. 151 

which Eucalyptene boils at 165 C. (320 F.),and Eucalyptolene at about 
300 C. (572° F.) Faust and Homeyer, however, obtained from the oil 
about 60 per cent, of a terpene, C u, H l6 , boiling between 172 and 175 C, 
(.342.6° and 447 F.), 30 per cent, of cyniol, C io Hm, the remainder being 
a terpene boiling at 150- C. (302 F.). and an oxygenated compound, 
probably C I0 H r 90, which they named eucalyptol, Cloez's compound of 
the same name, being a mixture of the first two hydrocarbons, which 
rapidly combine with oxygen. The oil of Eucalyptus amygdalina does 
not appear to contain eucalyptol. 

ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF 
EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS. 

If extensive applicability and promptness of action are the criterion 
of a standard remedy, the preparations of Eucalyptus globulus, have an 
unquestionable claim to be included in this category. Still, looking over 
an apothecary's prescription file, we would be surprised to find how 
rarely this drug is exhibited. To those, however, familiar with the clini- 
cal employment of the remedies in question, it must be clear that the 
practitioner's lack of practical acquaintance with, and confidence in, the 
drug, rather than any want of therapeutic energy on the part of the 
plant, have caused the condition. There can be no doubt as to the medi- 
cinal virtues of the various preparations of Eucalyptus, when we con- 
sider that the tree itself, in its natural state, medicates by its powerful 
antiseptic properties a wide zone encircling its habitation. 

We have noticed- a series of interesting articles on the medicinal 
virtues of this justly prized tree, from which we extract some practically 
important matters. 

According to Chipier, the author of the papers quoted, the well- 
known disinfectant properties of the tree depend upon an essential oil 
contained in the leaves. The aromatic oil found in the other portions of 
the tree is credited with the other therapeutic effects of Eucalyptus. The 
action of eucalyptol and eucalyptene, two other components of the Euca- 
lyptus tree, have hitherto been but little studied. 

In France five different preparations of Eucalyptus are in use, viz.: 
1, a tincture made by an alcoholic maceration of the fresh leaves ; 2, a 
tincture obtained from the dry leaves by the same process ; 3, an alco- 
holic extract ; 4, a wine ; 5, a liniment prepared from the essence. It is 
interesting to note that the preparations used in Italy against the marsh 
fevers in Rome and its vicinity all come from a place called Trois-Fon- 
taines, and have the form of a highly concentrated ethereal extract and 
an alcoholic elixir. The physiological action of Eucalyptus is suffi- 
ciently interesting to repay us for briefly reviewing it. 



I,a France Medicaid (Nos. is. Ji 15, i*>) 



r 5 2 EUCALYPTUS. 

All preparations are marked by a peculiar strong odor, suggesting 
the essence. If a few drops of any Eucalyptus preparation are placed on 
the tongue, a sensation of pungent freshness, soon followed by one of 
warmth, is experienced, the latter being due to an hypersecretion of the 
salivary and buccal glands. Its ingestion into the stomach creates a 
similar sensation of warmth, and besides, an emission of its characteristic 
odor by the mouth. The urine reveals a faintly violet coloration, indi- 
cating the passage of the drug through the system. 

The fact that Eucalyptus, like balsams and essences, impregnates the 
mucous membranes in particular, suggests at once the utility to be de- 
rived from the drug in in flammatory conditions of the respiratory and 
urinary mucous passages. 

Larger doses of the drug produce headache, malaise, general fatigue 
and prostration, and, even, as shawn by Gimbert, fatal results in animals 
by paralyzing the reflex motor centres of the spinal cord. 

From the manifold therapeutic applications which Eucalyptus has 
found in the course of time, we will only review such as have earned a 
claim to our confidence. 

Rumel is to be credited with having first suggested the idea of plant- 
ing the tree with the view of thus ridding a territory from the baneful 
marsh and malarial fevers. The same object led to its cultivation in the 
English Cape colonies and the western shores of Middle Italy. It was 
this ingenious transplantation of the Australian tree to the vicinity of 
Rome that enabled the Trappist of Trois-Fontaines to recover and render 
inhabitable a vast area formerly exposed to the ravages of malaria. It is 
highly probable that the disinfectant power of the tree depends upon its 
capacity to absorb large quantities of water from the surrounding soil, 
and to thus dessiccate the germs of malaria. The success of this soil 
medication in Italy, Algiers, Cuba and South America naturally sug- 
gested the employment of Eucalyptus in intermittant fever. Of an in- 
fusion of 8 grammes (2 drachms) of the leaves in 120 grammes (5 oz.) of 
water, a cupful is usually given twice daily. It is well to remember the 
antiperiodic virtues of Eucalyptus in cases in which quinine has either 
failed or is contraindicated. In fact, Eucalyptus is better borne by the 
digestive system that quinine, fatigues the stomach less and is far less ex- 
pensive. Still it would be wholly erroneous to think of any possible 
therapeutic equivalence of Eucalyptus and quinine. An honorable and 
noteworthy rank as an auxiliary remedy in miasmatic fevers is all that 
can with propriety be claimed for the preparations of Eucalyptus. 

This statement that Eucalyptus asserts its antipyretic character 
also in the thermal elevations of tuberculosis and cancer appears, if 
true, to us all the more noteworthy, as its virtues in this direction have 
been almost generally overlooked. 

Important as the an ti miasmatic and general antipyretic properties of 



EUCALYPTUS. f53 

Eucalyptus unquestionably are, it is in the laryngeal and bronchial in- 
flammatory affections that the drug renders its most signal services. Its 
action in this respect rivals that of turpentine and tar, and even offers 
advantages in being better borne by the digestive organs, and being 
earlier administrate. When in the course of bronchitis the febrile ele- 
vation has fallen and the so-called catarrhal stage has been reached, Eu- 
calyptus positively diminishes the expectoration, and renders it less pur- 
ulent. This peculiar effect of Eucalyptus on the bronchial expectoration 
can be relied upon, especially in the fetid form of bronchitis, in bronchial 
dilatation, and emphysema. Chipier quotes several cases of pulmonary 
gangrene and tuberculosis in which this modification of the expectoration 
wrought by Eucalyptus was very obvious. 

A few more words on the special value of the drug in pulmonary 
consumption will not be out of place. Though no rational physician 
will look for any specific or even curative virtues regarding consumption 
in Eucalyptus more than in any other drug, it must be confessed that the 
peculiar combination of antiseptic and anticatarrhal properties places 
Eucalyptus at the head of all remedies from which any amelioration of 
the local tissue-decomposition can be expected. In Italy the drug enjoys 
the enviable reputation of positively benefiting tubercular patients. Dr. 
Gimpert, of Cannes, a well-known specialist of that famous tubercular 
sanitarium, expresses himself in terms of highest praise of Eucalyptus 
in the various tubercular processes. He warns, however, against exhib- 
iting the drug in too large doses, lest haemoptysis should set in. 

Without wishing to contradict the assertion of those physicians who 
succeeded in obtaining definite advantages from Eucalyptus in tubercular 
affections, we must express our astonishment that, provided the drug did 
possess the alleged capacity, such effects should have been wholly un- 
known in this country. At all events it appears advisable to exhibit the 
various preparations of Eucalyptus in the manifold affections in which 
its reputation is either firmly established or merely alleged. It will do 
no harm in either case, and might be conducive to valuable results 
in both. 

The value of Eucalyptus in the various catarrhal affections of the 
urino-genital apparatus is likewise great. 

THE MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF EUCALYPTUS.* 

The leaves are of a bluish-green color, and have an aromatic, bal- 
samic, and somewhat persistent bitter taste, increasing the flow of saliva. 
The swallowed juice imparts a pleasant feeling of warmth to the stomach, 
increasing the appetite and facilitating digestion. In health, fuli doses 
are said to cause sleeplessness, but in the weak and anaemic, drowsiness 
and sleep are said to follow. 

* Therapeutic Gazette, [880, p. [46 



r 54 EUCALYPTUS. 

Eucalyptus is powerfully antiseptic and anti-malarial. Mixed with 
albumen and fresh fibrine, its essential oil, Eucalyptol, prevents decom- 
position, and animal tissue treated with it may be dried and mummified 
by simple exposure to the air. The tree has wonderful anti-miasmatic 
properties. Planted in marshy districts, it absorbs the excessive humidity 
of the soil, and with the drying of the morass there is a disappearance ot 
the malaria. Gimbert estimates that the tree extracts from the soil ten 
times its own weight of water during the twenty-four hours. Outside of 
its native habitat, this property of the tree has been successfully tested 
in Algeria, in the notorious Campagna di Roma, in the delta of the Var, 
near Nice, and in California. Districts which were uninhabitable have 
been made healthful and entirely free from malaria by the planting of 
these trees. 

Therapy. — Locally: Applied in the form of a mixture of an ounce 
or more to a pint of tepid water, it is an admirable stimulating disinfec- 
tant to chronic, ill-conditioned ulcers, removing the fcetor of the dis- 
charge and improving the character of the secretion. A mixture of half 
this strength may be used with excellent results in vaginal leucorrhcea, 
and particularly when there is erosion and ulceration of the os. As an 
antiseptic and a corrective of the fcetor from decomposition of retained 
placenta, a similar injection is useful. A drachm or two of the fluid 
extract rubbed on the hands will remove the persistent odor caused by 
vaginal examination, in such cases as the above. Pencilling of the 
fauces and pharynx with the fluid extract in diphtheria, both gives relief 
to the patient and is an efficient deodorant. The inhalation of the spray 
from the steam atomizer is a valuable adjunct to the treatment of diph- 
theria, and also as a palliative in purulent bronchitis and phthisis. 

Internally. In intermittent fever. The marked influence of the 
tree in ridding districts of malaria, suggested the internal administration 
of Eucalyptus globulus in malarial disorders. The trial to which it has 
been submitted has established it as an anti-malarial remedy of much 
power, and even as a formidable rival to quinine in certain cases. Wl 
in more recent and pronounced attacks of the disease, its action is n< 
prompt or certain as that of quinine, it is more effectual in the chronic 
forms. Especially in districts in which the patient is continuously ex- 
posed to the malarial influence, and in cases in which quinine has appar- 
ently lost its power to avert or abort the paroxysm, is the .superiority of 
Eucalyptus globulus demonstrated. The following combination is 
most admirable one in the debility of cachexia ensuing on the prolonged 
effects of the malarial infection: 

K 'Kxt. eucalypH globuli fluidi sj 

l'.xt. berberis aquifolii fluidi vi 

Ext. taraxaci fluid! §ss 

Glycerinae 5jss 

M Siu A teaspoonful every four hours. 



/ ! < ALYPTUS. 

In diphtheria. A number of cases of diphtheria have been reported 
by reliable physicians, in which the exhibition of Eucalyptus globulus 
exerted a very beneficial effect. Its local application is certainly attended 
with good results, but its internal use in this disease has been too limited 
to justify any very pronounced opinion regarding it. As an adjuvant to 
other remedies, it would seem from its antiseptic properties, and from 
the fact that it is largely eliminated through the mucous membranes, to 
be worthy of a more extended trial. 

In atonic dyspepsia and in chronic gastric catarrh, Kucalyptus is a 
very useful article. It may be combined in such cases with columbo. It 
should not be given in inflammatory conditions of the stomach. 

In chronic cystitis there is probably no remedy of equal efficacy with 
Eucalyptus globulus. It evidently acts in such cases through contact 
with the membrane, it being largely eliminated through the urine, to 
which it communicates its characteristic odor. In such cases, attended 
as they are by profuse secretion of the mucus with the urine, and by ina- 
bility to retain the urine for any length of time, the following combi- 
nation has been found to be followed with very happy results: 

(} Ext. eucalypti globuli fluidi ~ v .i- 

Ext. belladonna fluidi " ss 

Ext. buchu fluidi.. ?ss 

Muc. acacias ? .ij 

< H. cinnatnoni :~ 11 V J 

Ft. emulsionem. 
M. Sis. -A teasponful every three hours. 

As an antiseptic in surgery. This application of Eucalyptus globu- 
lus is somewhat new, but its results have been of such a nature as to war- 
rant a more extended trial. Dr. Floyd, of Sedgwick, Kansas I See Report 
9, page 668) has made experiments, therapeutical and otherwise, which 
certainly indicate it to be possessed of properties which give promise of 
valuable results in the surgical treatment of wounds As an illustra 
of its value, he reports among others a case of compound comminuted 
fracture of the forearm, necessitating amputation. The spmges and 
bandages employed during the operation, were soaked in a 20 per cent, 
solution of carbolic acid, and the stump was enveloped in several thick- 
nesses of cheese cloth, which were kept constantly saturated in fluid 
extract eucalyptus one part to seven of water. This was the only dress- 
ing, and 10 days after the operation, the stump had healed without pain 
or suppuration, and the patient was discharged. Dr. Floyd has found no 
dressing equal to it in the treatment of lacerated wounds. His experi- 
ments with different preparations of eucalyptus, on hay infusion, have 
fixed the antiseptic properties of the drug in its resinous constituent, 
preparations from which this principle had been removed, having had no 
preventive influence against putrefaction. 



rj6 EUCALYPTUS. 

Administration . — The fluid extract is the most eligihle form, and 
contains most largely the medicinal principles. The dose is from 10 to 
30 drops, and may be given in form of an emulsion, with syrup of acacia.-. 

Materia Mkdica of the Eucalyptus Oils.* 

The first effect of the oil when taken internally to the extent of 10 
to 20 minims, is to stimulate the cerebro-spinal nervous system, large 
doses produce genuine intoxication which passes into unconsciousness" 
and heavy sleep ; the reasonable antidote for an overdose is therefore a 
cup of strong coffee. The oil possesses more powerful antiseptic proper- 
ties than phenol (carbolic acid), and is accordingly used in an antiseptic 
spray, and for antiseptic dressings ; it is not so irritating as phenol, but 
possesses sufficient inflammatory power to render it a good rubefacient if 
applied with friction. Considering its powerful antiseptic effect, its 
poisonous action when taken internally is remarkably mild, so that there 
is no danger from its absorption by even a large wound surface ; when it 
is carefully purified as much as % oz. can be taken diluted with no more 
serious results than considerable depression. An idea of its antiseptic 
powers may be gathered from the fact that 1 '/, parts in 1000 arrest the 
development of bacteria in a vegetable infusion. Its effect on the blood 
is powerful, it diminishes the power of the red corpuscles to absorb 
oxygen, as can be shown by the darkening of red blood when even very 
dilute eucalyptus oil is added to it ; it also destroys the contractility of 
the white blood corpuscles. Many small animals are paralyzed by the 
mere vapor, so that the value of the eucalyptus oil as an anthelmintic or 
vermifuge can be understood. The following formulae were given by 
Mr. Bosisto in a paper on the " Materia Medica of the Kucalyptus," pub- 
lished in the Australian Medical Journal, 1885, p. 441 : 

For rheumatism, sciatica, lumbago, asthma and sprains requiring a 
stn wtig liniment : 

R Ol. eucalypti 51V. 

Vaseline " ij. 

Misce. 

For the throat when it requires a mild liniment : 

R Ol. eucalypti ^iij. 

Dl . ol i vae \]. 

Misce. 

The addition of the olive oil prevents irritation of the skin. The 
vaseline is to be warmed before mixing. 

In its internal use for coughs, asthmatic difficulty of breathing or 
sore throat, 5-drop doses on loaf sugar are recommended to be taken 
occasionally. For stronger doses : 

R Ol. eucalypti "j. 

Pulv. gum acacne ~ i i -j . 

Saccharum ",ss. 

Aq. ciunaiuon ad. "%\\. 

Misce. Dose, one-ball ounce for an adult every four or six hours. 
\V111. Sutherland, M. A.. B. S., in the Chemist and Druggist. March. 1887. 



EUCALYPTUS. 15; 



( >r the follwing may be used : 

\\ Ol. eucalypti ~>j- 

Infus. lin'i %ii>s. 

Syrupus % ss - 

Misce. Dose as above 

As an anthelmic 30 to 60 minims ot the oil in mucilage of starch are 
, to be administered by enema. 

On the continent a eucalyptic tincture is the commonest form in 
which eucalyptus oil is used, but besides the oil this contains a bitter 
febrifugal principal, and traces of resins and acids which in the ordinary 
process of distilling eucalyptus oil are kept back in the mother liquor of 
the stills. The tincture is prepared by bruising three ounces of fresh 
leaves, and covering them with six ounces of absolute alcohol, in which 
they are digested at a moderate temperature, in a well-closed vessel, for 
fourteen days at the end of which the leaves are well pressed and the 
liquid filtered. This preparation has decided antipyretic properties, a 
fact which along with its bitter taste led its first investigators to believe 
that eucalyptus leaves contain an alkaloid like those of the cinchona 
bark, but this idea was soon dispelled. However, there is no doubt that 
this tincture possesses some of the properties of quinine ; thus by actual 
experiment it has been found to exercise a contracting effect on a dog's 
spleen, which is the action of quinine. In cases of malarial fever euca- 
lyptic tincture is considered to rank next to quinine as a remedy ; in 
many cases where quinine fails it proves successful, and it possesses the 
decided advantage of being much cheaper and less troublesome in its 
after-effects. In the continental preparations of the above tincture the 
leaves of Eucalyptus globulus are always used, but there is no informa- 
tion to be had as to the tinctures to be obtained from the leaves of other 
oil-yielding species. As has been said before the name globulus carries 
a glamour with it which there is no proper experimental evidence to 
justify. Until the systematic details of comparative experiment are 
given, the preference given to globulus preparations must be regarded as 
arbitrary and accidental. There is certainly room here for an interest- 
ing piece of pure pharmaceutical research which ought to occupy the 
attention of some of our more scientific Australian pharmacists. 

CLINICAL REPORTS OF THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES OF 
EUCALYPTUS. 

Reports of a General Character. 

Report i.* — As to the therapeutics of Eucalyptus, (juke a volume 
could be collected of the reports of successful cases. We spare you most 
of this, and give only some of the more important and practical tests, or 
new uses of the drug. 

C. Henri Leonard, M. 1) . in New Preparations, [877, p. 6. 



EUCALYPTUS. 

Dr. Wooster, of San Francisco, California, in a report of 136 cases of 
various diseases treated exclusively with fluid extract of Eucalyptus 
globulus, gives the following results : 

Treated. Cured. Improved. 

Remittent fever 5 5 

Intermittent fever 19 19 

Typhoid fever 9 9 

Nephritis 4 1 

Diuresis 10 3 

Incontinence of urine 3 3 

Vesical catarrh 27 25 

Blennorrhagia 13 io 3 

Valvular disease of heart 707 

Dysentery \ 3 3 

Chronic diarrhcea 1; 9 1 

Gonorrhoea (syphilitic) is n 5 

Dropsy r < 3 3 

1 If the whole number of cases, 106 were cured and 29 improved. 

Dr. Keller, physician-in-chief of the Australian Railway Company, 
reports the following cases, with results, as treated with Eucalyptus: The 
total number of malarial cases was 432. Of them, 310, or 71.76 per cent. 
were cured; 122 required a supplementary course of quinine. Of those 
cured (310), 202 needed but a single dose of the remedy (the tincture); 
the remaining 108 cases had one or more subsequent paroxysms. Qui- 
nine had been given previous to the Eucalyptus in no out of the 432 
cases. Of the r22 cases in which the remedy failed, 58 were cured with 
quinine, 10 were sent home. 16 remained under treatment, and 38 re- 
led in statu quo. Out of the 118 cases in which quinine had been 
lously given but failed in arresting the disease, 91 recovered under 
the influence of Eucalyptus, the remaining 27 were not benefitted. The 
several types of fever were as follows: 

Complicated. Simple. Total 

Quotidian 117 7 (9° 

Tert an i '< 221 

Quartan >' 1 

Quintal! 1 ■•■• t 

The complications were splenic and hepatic engorgements, aniema, 
chronic gastric catarrh, paludal cachexia, etc. The remedy proved itself 
successful in 161 (61.9 per cent.") of the complicated cases, and in 149 
(86.6 per cent.) of the simple cases. Cures classified according to the 
types, we find successes in the tertian to have been 73.57 per cent., in the 
quartan 70 per cent. The renedy in a single dose arrested the disease in 
107 simple and 95 complicated cases. The treatment was generally com- 
menced on the fifth day after the paroxysm, and the average duration 
was but q'.. days, whereas in previous years when quinine was employed 
days was the average time of treatment. The tincture was made by 
macerating the leaves in alcohol for three months. Ten pounds of the 
leaves yielded 25 quarts of the tincture. The average dose was two 
drachms, and the average quantity used per patient was seven drachms. 
Dr. Burdel has employed it in 50 cases of quotidian, 39 of tertian. 
and 34 of quartan ague. The powder, tincture and solid extract were 



EUCALYPTUS. iy-> 

made use of. In 57 cases lie derived no benefit. The treatment extended 
from five to ten davs. The extract in 10 to 12 grains, daily, was found 
most beneficial in preventing relapses; this was given for five or six days 
after the arrest of the paroxysm. 

Castan reports $$ successful cases out of a total of 44 cases treated 
with the drug. Mees, out of 35 cases had 13 cured, 10 greatly benefitted, 
and 1 2 partially relieved. 

Eorinsen cured 43 cases out of 51 to whom he administered the tinc- 
ture as an anti-periodic. In one case of failure, both it and quinine were 
unavailing. Bohn reports a case of a child with a masked intermittent, 
with cerebral complications, where the tincture in drachm doses proved 
successful in relieving the symptoms for four hours, and he recommends 
it in puerperal fevers. Hoyce details a case of ague that had resisted qui- 
nine and arsenic, and was cured by the Eucalyptus in four days. He has 
used with great success in catarrhal affection; of the urethra. The oil 
he recommends as of use in odontalgia. Curnow, of London, speaks of 
a Norwegian that had been five weeks with an attack of ague, tertian 
type. The temperature was from 104 to 105.6° F. at the acme of the 
fever before the administration of the tincture of the drug. The admin- 
istration was commenced on a day preceding an attack, and given in 
drachm doses ter in die; it modified the attack on the following day so 
that the highest temperature of the paroxysm was but 100 F., instead of 
the customary 105°. No further return of the paroxysm was noticed. In 
another case, a Dane, was admitted to the hospital after an attack of five 
days duration, with severe paroxysms, lasting some twelve hours each 
time. The highest point of temperature reached at each attack was 
106.4". One was tertian type, and just before the next attack was due, 
the administration of Eucalyptus was begun, in the same dose, etc., as 
before. The next two attacks were modified in their severity, and were 
much shorter; the dose was then doubled, and he had but a single attack 
following this date. 

In the external application of the Eucalyptus, equally good reports 
have been universally given, and it is more especially to this use of it 
that we would now call your attention. In the United States this has 
not been so much dwelt upon as on the continent, probably through lack 
of its employment as an external remedy. As a stimulant to foul, or 
gangrenous ulcers, bedsores, and in cases ot vaginitis, offensive leucorr- 
Inea, chronic bronchitis and the like it is one of our best vegetable pre- 
parations. Dupuytren (Pigne) details a few of the cases in which he has 
made use of it ill his hospital practice. A man had arteritis of the leg, 
succeeded by gangrene, which extended so high up as to render amputa- 
tion impossible. In two weeks a large ulcer resulted, whose odor was 
horribly fetid. Everything in turn was employed to destroy this odor, 
to no offect. At last a decoction of Eucalyptus was resorted to, and, with- 



160 EL CAL YPTUS. 

out exaggeration, he states, in five minutes all fetor had disappeared. 
The decoction continued to be used with the same effect until death oc- 
curred, two or three weeks subsequently. 

Another man, who had been under treatment in the hospital for two 
months with extensive, deep ulcer from varix, of a year's duration, had 
the decoction applied to the ulcer three times a day, with remarkable 
effect. In five or six days the ulcer was entirely covered over with 
healthy granulations, and in a mouth it was entirely well. 

A woman had been troubled for main- months with an ulcer around 
the orifice of the urethra. It was cauterized five times with no result. 
After twelve da}'s' use of the decoction of Eucalyptus, washing thrice 
daily, it was well. 

Four cases of syphilitic chancres healed under the Eucalvptus dress- 
ing in five or six days, without other treatment. These were very recent 
cases, or constitutional treatment would have been resorted to. 

A man that had an intermittent fever that had proved rebellious to 
quinia, and also to arsenic, which latter had been administered for two 
weeks, after a three weeks' course of the Eucalyptus was cured entirely. 

So numerous are the cases of bronchitis cured with the drug, he 
states, that it is hardly worth while to mention them. 

Woodward has used the tincture as a disinfecting and antiseptic 
enema in case of retained and decomposed placenta with marked suc- 
cess. Also in a case of putrid dysenteric passages, the Eucalyptus given 
internally changes the offensiveness of the stools, besides checking their 
frequency. In a case of diphtheria where death was supposed to be in- 
evitable, the local application relieved the fetor, and assisted in checking 
the further spread of the disease. He has also employed it in a single 
case of neuralgia dependent upon the malarial taint. Other remedies 
were fruitlessly tried before resorting to the Eucalyptus. In twenty-four 
hours the relief was permanent. He gave it in fifteen-drop doses. 

L,eary, in a recent discussion before the " King's County Medical 
Society." says that for four years he has used it as nearly a specific in 
gonorrhoea. He noticed then its great diuretic powers, and so has since 
given it, in ten-minim doses of the fluid extract, in cases of dropsy. He 
briefly reports four, one due to Morbus Brightii, another to cardiac 
hypertrophy with dilation, the third to cardiac disease, and the fourth to 
cardiac hypertrophy, where remarkable success followed its administra- 
tion. He has also made frequent use of the remedy in passive conges- 
tions of the kidneys, and always with benefit. He noticed that some- 
times his patients would complain of tinnitus auriiuii, and headache 
from the passive cerebral congestion. 

Wooster states that he has used gallons of the fluid extract in the U. 
S. Marine Hospital, and was surprised at its uniform and reliable effect 
in the diseases for which it is recommended. He certifies that it is a 



EUCAL YPTUS. i6r 

diuretic, and may be administered when others are admissible. It is an 
aromatic tonic, and as such specially indicated in low states of the sys- 
tem as we see in typhoid fever, diarrhoea and dysentery. In vesical 
catarrh it has proven a reliable remedy in his hands, and many cases of 
gonorrhoea, he says, he has quickly cured by the use of this remedy alone. 
Indeed, in all affections of the mucous membranes its beneficial action is 
noticed. As an external application to foul ulcers he avers, it is of great 
value. 

Limbert has successfully treated wounds by the application of the 
fresh leaves to the parts. Alter a few hours all the unpleasant odor em- 
anating therefrom is counteracted and a healthy state of healing goes on 
to complete cicatrization. 

Bucquoy (of Cochin Hospital, Paris) asserts that of all the drugs he 
has made use of in pulmonary gangrene, none have given him the satis- 
faction that Eucalyptus has. Out of the various cases treated, five were 
complete cures, while the symptoms of all the others were favorably 
modified. The cough modified, the sputa was less abundant, and the 
offensive odor was entirely absent, and this after carbolic acid had failed. 
He uses it in the form of an alcoholate, half a drachm in a mixture of 
syrup, gum and orange-flower water. 

These anti-septic properties of Eucalyptus are due, mostly, to the oil 
(eucalypto) contained in the various preparations made use of. It (the 
oil) has been known to preserve blood for over five months from decom- 
position (as long as carbolic acid will do the same), which is longer than 
turpentine will keep it unchanged. Eimbert and Birch have both made 
experiments to this effect, and both confirm the statement. The action 
of the remedy upon the white blood-corpuscles is analagous to that of 
quinine, as it restrains their amoeboid movements, and hence its useful- 
ness in the class of troubles, congestive in their nature, where it may be 
locally applied. 

As an item of agricultural interest it may be noted that it has been 
asserted by the French writers to be a remedy for phylloxera; that trees 
growing near the grape-vines protect the vines from the ravages of this 
parasite. Experiments have also been made with the essence of the drug 
upon the diseased vines, by Abbe Rolland, in the manner of innovula- 
tions, and with such success that he has pronounced, after a trial of two 
years of its virtues, " an infallible remedy." He makes a broad incision 
through the bark at the neck of the vine, and into this drops a few drops 
of the essence, or rubs it over the cut surface with a camel's hair brush. 
The result is, as he says, that in three or four days the parasites are de- 
stroyed, but the vine remains uninjured. The incision may be made in 
any part of the bark, but the desirable result is most speedily obtained 
by making it as near the roots as possible. 

11 



1 62 EUCALYPTUS. 

Report 2* — In the the internal administration of eucalyptus as a 
remedy for malarial fever, we do not have one uniform and universal 
application ; still it compares favorably with other remedies in general 
use. If I had written this article after the first six months' experience in 
its use, I might have said that it absolutely cured all forms and conditions 
of active malarial poisoning, for it did so in every instance in scores of 
cases and in all forms, from simple intermittent to " dumb ague," and in 
several cases by a single dose. So uniform was its action that I felt con- 
fident we had at last an unfailing remedy, but since the first year I have 
failed in many instances with the same preparation — the tincture. 

Hence it seems to me that it partakes of the nature of other remedies 
in respect to particular seasons and localities for its better action. Euca- 
lyptus, however, has acted promptly when quinine has failed. I first 
.employed it in a case of masked intermittent, in which the poison had 
had pretty much its own way for three months, and in which quinine 
and arsenic only produced temporary mitigation, while gelsemium, nux 
vomica, ipecac, and nitric acid seemed powerless to touch the slightest 
symptoms, and where the first dose of eucalyptus wrought an entire 
change. The remedy was taken at the time of the chill, and the fever 
did not follow. The patient soon recovered her strength, and has since 
had no return of ague symptoms — now over three years. This is con- 
trary to the opinion of some that it has no effect on chronic forms of 
malarial fever. 

Eucalyptus is also recommended in all catarrhal affections of the air 
passages, from the common coryza to chronic bronchitis, and of the ali- 
mentary canal, ulcers in the stomach, chronic diarrhoea, and in the dis- 
eases of the urinary tract, such as inflammation and irritation of the 
bladder, gonorrhoea and gleet. I have found it of special benefit in irri- 
table bladder. One case that lately came to me from Fountain county, 
Indiana, in which belladonna and camphor relieved her perfectly, while 
in this city, but on her return home the irritability came on with double 
force, eucalyptus gave immediate relief. She being a very intelligent 
lady, I will copy a portion of her letter, dated Dec. 4th, 1880 : 

" I am quite free from distress and able to work the early part of the 
day, but about 3 in the afternoon the ' ache ' begins ; there is a constant 
desire to pass water and a strained, protruding feeling at the neck of the 
bladder ; then follows a fearful itching, scalding, aching sensation, which 
well-nigh drives me frantic. 

' After a time of suffering which is exhausting, the distress subsides. 
I eat heartily but so bruised and beaten do I fell that I can only take the 
edge of a chair for rest. I have such a time, also, every night, being 
obliged to get up every few minutes to pass a few drops of water, and the 



* Dr. H. A. Foster in the Phys. and Surg. Inv. (Therapeutic Gazette, 1S80, p. 223). 



EUCALYPTUS. 163 

passage is often agonizing. There seems to be about the same quantity, 
though at times it is strong and high-colored.'' 

We have here pure irratibility, and half-drachm doses of fluid extract 
of Eucalyptus quickly controlled the trouble, as she states in a letter 
dated december 23d : 

" I have found out the benefits of Eucalyptus in my case. Its relief 
came most opportunely, for I don't know how I could much longer have 
endured the terrible strain of the bladder difficulty, and I am so happy 
to find a balm for that," etc., etc. 

I have obtained good results, also, in several cases of incontinence of 
urine, and in some cases of gonorrhoea I consider it superior to copabia 
and the oil of sandalwood. It seems to relieve the pain and scalding 
more promptly, and reduce the discharge sooner than they. 

I have seen good results in chronic bronchitis from its use. I usu- 
ally use the fluid extract for urinary troubles, and the tincture for malar- 
ial fevers and bronchitis. Dose of each, about half a drachm. 

Report 3. f — I have given Eucalyptus with much satisfaction as a 
gargle in ulcerated sore throat ; also as a gargle, and combined with jab- 
orandia internally in a number of cases of scarlatina, with results so good 
as to justify '"great expectations." 

In two very severe cases of typho-malarial fever, the first of which was 
a lad of fourteen years, quite feeble from hereditary phthisis; the second a 
boy of four years, who had suffered so long from chronic malarial poison- 
ing that his nervous system was completely prostrated, and he would 
scream with terror at the approach of any person, even his mother ; I re- 
sorted to the fluid extract of Eucalyptus after having pursued the ordi- 
nary anti-periodic treatment with no apparent benefit, and I had really 
lost all hope of their recovery. The first twenty-four hours showed a 
marked improvement, which continued under its use without interrup- 
tion to complete recovery ; during this time no other medicine was given. 

I have also used the fluid extract as a vaginal injection in blenor- 
rhcea, leucorrhcea, and kindred affections ; also in gonorrhoea in both 
male and female, of the strength of one part of fluid extract to seven of 
water ; the addition of a little glycerine is usually desirable. 

I much prefer this wash in these affections to any dilution of carbolic 
acid, the indiscriminate use of which is accountable for much mischief. 
In erosions of the cervix uteri, without ulcerations, I used the fluid ex- 
tract undiluted as a local application with benefit. 

Report 4.*-— Have used Eucalyptus Globulus in connection with 
sulph. cinchonidia, in malarial fevers ; also when indicated in typhoid ; 
have also used it with marked success in uterine diseases, as an injection, 
and in nasal catarrh for a douche. 



t T. S. Floyd, M. D., in Kansas Medical Index (Therapeutic Gazette, 1S90, p. 309). 
* H. J. Hilton, M. D., of Ann Arbor, in New Preparations, 1S78, p. 64. 



i6 4 EUCALYPTUS. 

The following telegram appeared in the papers too late 
for verification: 

FOR YELLOW FEVER. 
Brazilian Physicians Said to Have Discovered a Cure. 

(Scripps-McRea League Special Service.) 
Buenos Ayres, January 29. — Rio Janeiro advices state that a physician 
of that city declares that he has found a cure which is almost certain in 
its effects in yellow fever. The physician's new remedy consists of the 
internal use of doses of the extract of eucalyptus The extract has been 
tried in the hospitals in Rio Janeiro with astonishing results in favor of 
the patient. 

Besides these general reports there are a number of re- 
ports on special uses of Eucalyptus preparations favorable 
to their value. 



EUCALYPTUS KINO, 



Prof. J. H. Maiden divides the Eucalyptus kinos into 
three classses, viz., the Ruby, Gummy and Turbid. 

The members of the first of these are soluble both in 
alcohol and water, giving a ruby colored solution ; those of 
the second are practically insoluble in alcohol, and the 
third, when treated with hot water and allowed to cool, 
contains a body or bodies which render the liquid turbid." 

The only analysis I have seen of these kinos is by 
Prof. Maiden and of his turbid group. This is the largest 
of the groups and includes, amongst others the following 
species w r ell known here: Eucalyptus melliodora, Eucalyptus 
leucoxylon, Eucalyptus cornuta, Eucalyptus rostrata, Euca- 
lyptus viminalis, Eucalyptus Stuartiana, Eucalyptus Gunnii, 
Eucalyptus longifolia, Eucalyptus calophylla, Eucalyptus 
globulus. I give the following analysis from Prof. Maiden. 



EUCALYPTUS. 165 

EUCALYPTUS CORYNOCALYX. 

It does not entirely dissolve in cold water; the super- 
natant liquid is pale yellowish, and it does not entirely 
dissolve in alcohol ; the liquid becomes clear on standing, 
but on agitation has a very turbid appearance. Its compo- 
sition (determined August, 1891) is: 

Catechin and tannic acid 82.473 

Ligneous matter, etc 3827 

Moisture 13 .370 

Ash 332 

100.000 
Tannic acid determination (Lowenthal), 26.2 per cent. 

Eucalyptus Leucoxylon. 
Behaviour and appearance in water similar to Euca- 
lyptus corynocalyx sample. In alcohol it does not entirely 
dissolve; the supernatant liquid is bright, clear, and of a 
reddish-brown color ; the liquid is very turbid when agi- 
tated. Its composition (determined August, 1891) is: 

Catechin and tannic acid 79 .279 

Ligneous matter, etc 4.9 

Moisture 14-95 

Ash 871 

100 000 
Tannic acid determination (Lowenthal) 21.5 per cent. 

Eucalyptus rostrata. 

The well known "Red Gum" of Victoria and the Mur- 
ray and Edwards Rivers, N. S. W. 

The kino of this species is perhaps the best known of 
all Eucalyptus kinos, chiefly through the enterprise of Mr. 
Joseph Bosisto, of Melbourne. 

It is a useful astringent, and it seems to be increasing 
in favor with medical men in England, America and 
Australia. 



J 66 EUCALYPTUS. 

The official kino (Pterocarpus) contains, I believe, no 
substance which is not contained in this and some allied 
kinos, for which they appear to be a perfect substitute. 
See Pharm. Journal [3], xx. 221, 321. 

The kino of Eucalyptus rostrata will be found men- 
tioned in all modern works on Materia Medica. In Mar- 
tindale and Westcott's Extra PharmacopcEia, for instance, 
we have the following: " Eucalyptus rostrata and Euca- 
lyptus corymbosa, and probably other species imported 
from Australia. It is semi-translucent and garnet-colored, 
not so dark as, but resembling kino in appearance, soluble 
in water, tough, difficult to powder [not correct as applied 
to these two kinos, J. H. M.], it adheres to the teeth when 
chewed, is intensely astringent to the mucous membrane, 
useful in diarrhoea, relaxed throats, and given with success 
to check the purging of mercurial pills." 

But the following statements 'pertaining to the percent- 
age of tannic acid, and the solubility, are somewhat mis- 
leading, since I have shown the enormous variation in the 
properties of kinos caused by age. 

"Of 100 parts 90 are dissolved in cold water, the solu- 
tion being clear. Twenty-seven parts of isinglass precipi- 
tate all the astringent matter." — Squires' Companion to 
the B. P. 

Dr. Weisner says of a sample: "Easily soluble in w T ater 
and alcohol; solution neutral, free from gum-resin. Broken 
masses of a zircon-red, sometimes light brown, mixed with 
bits of dark." 

47. "Red Gum;" purchased in Sydney, 22nd Novem- 
ber, 1S88. Of Victorian origin. 

In lumps up to the size of peas, though angular. Pre- 
vailing color purpJish brown. Is readily powdered between 



EUCALYPTUS. . 167 

the fingers, forming an ochrey-brown powder. The mass 
of kino has not the brilliant appearance ot the kinos of 
the ruby group, owing to this friability. 

In cold water it dissolves fairly readily and almost 
entirely to a reddish-brown liquid. Its composition (deter- 
mined November, 18S8) is: 

Catechin and tannic acid 84 3 

Ligneous matter, etc 3 

Moisture 15 - 2 

Ash 2 

100.00 
Tannic acid determination (Lowenthal) 46 22 per cent. 



HOW TO PLANT EUCALYPTUS. 



The first thing to consider in planting Eucalyptus trees 
is the seed. With the exception of only four or five spe- 
cies seeds true to name are difficult to obtain. Conse- 
quently when species are desired that are outside of the 
ordinary demand it is best to have the seed collected here 
from identified trees whenever the tree is locally repre- 
sented. In this connection it should be borne in mind that 
the seeds in the top of the ovary are nearly all fertile 
while, as you go down, the ratio of fertile to sterile seeds 
diminishes: The top seeds are first dropped, so in collect- 
ing seed the fruit should be gathered just before it opens 
and allowed to ripen up in sacks or boxes. 

The seed germinate most uniformly when soaked in 
warm water for 24 hours. All the species from which 
seed have been locally gathered in California have, as far 
as reported to me, proved fertile. In Algiers, Eucalyptus 
tetraptera, is the only one reported sterile. While the seed 



j 68 ^ EUCAL YPTUS. 

planting method is the only practical way to rear Eucalyp- 
tus trees in my opinion, still a large number of Eucalyptus 
species have been propagated from cuttings. In fact in the 
report I have on this subject no species tried proved abso- 
lutely recalcitrant. 

When the seed have been obtained I would advise the 
intending planter to place the rearing of the plants for the 
field in the hands of a competent nurseryman. In Southern 
California we are very fortunate in having a number of 
careful and competent nurserymen. Amongst these I can 
mention Mr. W. S. I/yon, a botanist and former Forester 
to the State, and J. L,. Stengle, both of Los Angeles, the 
Park Nursery and the Paradise Nursery, Pasadena, and Dr. 
Francischi, a plant lover, of Santa Barbara. 

In case however the planter desires to overlook or under- 
take the whole planting I present some notes from the dis- 
tinguished forest conservator, W. S. Gill, and a paper from 
Mr. Byron O. Clark. Mr. F. M. Gallagher of the Mentecito, 
plants his seed in coal oil cans cut in half and trans- 
planted to the field from these direct without a prelimi- 
nary picking out. 

The grower, as a check, might well refer to the accom- 
panying illustration of the seedlings of a number of the 
species. 

My own experience with Eucalyptus tree planting is 
that the land should be plowed and the cultivation con- 
tinued to the second season. The planting of Eucalyptus 
trees amongst our native Californian brush has proved, in 
general, a failure. The Eucalyptus trees planted without 
clearing usually live, but remain stunted or for a number 
of years grow very slowly. I have some Eucalyptus 
globulus planted amongst oaks, sycamores and willows 




From Von Mueller 

Key to Plate of Seedlings 

Young seedlings of Eucalyptus, to exhibit mainly the cotyledonar leaves 



i — E. diversieolor 
2 — E. leucoxylon 
3 — E. rostrata 
4— E. botryoides 
5 — E. cebra 



6 — E, cornuta 
7 — E- Gunnii 
S — K, corymbosa 
9— E- marginata 
10— E. obliqua 
[All figures of natural size]. 



E- gamophylla 
12- E, pilularis 
13— E. saligua 
14— E. siderophloia 
15— E, goniocalyx 




From Von Mueller 

Key to Plate of Seedlings 

Young seedlings of Eucalyptus to exhibit mainly the cotyledonar leaves. 
I6 -E. calophvlla 20_E amygdalina *- 1 J«a^O«a 

I7 -E. mellVodora «-& ™«™£Pf §_§. sUieta 

18-E. alpina 22— E *>tuartiana 

i 9 -E. piperita 23 - E. Siebenana 

[All figures of natural size]. 



2 7 _E. cosmophylla 



EUCAL YPTUS. 169 

near a spring in the Sierra Madre mountains, that have 
grown in seven years what trees in adjacent open plowed 
land grew in one. M. Cordier reports from Algiers the 
satisfactory growth of nearly all species of Eucalyptus in 
ground prepared and cared for to the second year, and the 
failure to do anything of those set out amongst the native 
brush. Most species of Eucalyptus grow very rapidly 
when they are in the soil possession for the first two 
years. In that time they obtain a hold which subsequent 
native growths are unable to compete with, and the Euca- 
lyptus trees continue their rapid growth which does not 
commence when these trees are set out amongst the native 
brush. 

Eucalyptus trees should not, as a rule, be set out when 
over eight or ten inches high. In properly prepared 
ground six inches is the best size. This need of planting 
small trees fresh from the seed is one of the great advan- 
tages and economies of the genus Eucalyptus. 



Pasadena, Cal., April 24, 1895. 
Abbot Kinney Esq., 

Lamanda Park : 

Dear Sir: — Replying to your request for my treatment 
of Eucalyptus seed for propogating the young plants, will 
say : Nature's own seed bed is the best for all young' 
plants, especially for small seeded plants and trees. I sow 
in flats, that is, boxes about three inches deep, and of con- 
venient size for handling. I prefer 18 in. x 18 in. in size, 
with sufficient openings in the bottom to permit good 
drainage. Secure from the woods well decomposed leaf 



i 7 o EUCALYPTUS. 

mold and mix with one-third to one-half sharp sand such 
as would be used for mortar by the mason ; fill your boxes 
level full and firm down with a board which will leave the 
surface about one-half inch lower than the edge of the box. 
Scatter the seed evenly and not too thick over the surface 
and cover about one-eighth inch with finely sifted soil same 
as used for the seed bed, press down firmly with a board 
and water lightly. Place boxes after sowing in a cold 
frame covered with cheese cloth, or in a lath house, and 
water lightly, daily, and not allow the surface to become 
dry. The seed of most varieties will germinate in ten to 
fourteen days, and in warm weather often the first plant 
will be out above the soil in six days. Water lightly 
when plants begin to show ; great care will be necessary 
not to get soil too wet. or fungus will attack them and 
produce what is termed ' ' damping off ' ' by the gardener, 
which will often carry off seventy-five per cent, of the 
young plants before the second and third set of leaves 
appear, after which there is not much danger from this 
cause. I have found only one remedy of much use in 
preventing "damping," that is, to use the finest ioad dust, 
sprinkling it over the plants lightly on the first appearance 
of the trouble, which will often check its progress. Some 
varieties may be more subject to this trouble than others, 
but I think that conditions of weather favorable to produc- 
ing succulent growth, the leading cause. Varieties showing 
least tendency one season, might suffer the greatest, under 
different conditions of temperature and humidity, another. 
Before transplanting, the young plants should be hardened 
off, when about three inches high, by giving only sufficient 
water to prevent wilting in heat of day. After they have 
become sufficiently "ripened," or woody, apply water 



EUCAL YPTUS. 171 

freely, for three or four days, when on taking up the 
plants they will be found to be making a new root growth, 
shown by the young white rootlets. When in this condi- 
tion they will nearly all grow when transplanted if care- 
fully done and roots not exposed to the air and placed in 
shade for a few days till over wilting. I use the same 
sized box for transplanting into as for seed boxes, putting 
the young plants in with a dibble about two inches apart 
each way, but I use heavier soil for this purpose, — good 
clay loam, with a little well rolled manure, and enough 
sand or light soil to make it pliable is best, as it enables 
the planter remove the young plant with a squen of soil 
adhering to the roots, when transplanting to the field, which 
should be done when the plants are from six to twelve or 
fifteen inches high. 

Yours Respectfully, 

Byron O. Clark. 



The better the soil is worked the better the tree will 
grow 7 . General plowing is the best preparation of land for 
tree planting. Dug holes cost more and are not so good 
as a general breaking up of the soil. 

We find Eucalyptus trees succeed well when planted 
from nursery boxes when the trees are 6 to 12 inches 
high. This is specially true of the blue gum. Trees cost 
more in cans or pots and do little if any better. They 
should be turned out of the pot, but may be left in the 
cans, which must then be cut down one side. Mr. Walter 
Gill recommends planting the seedlings in nursery in bam- 
boo canes and setting the tree in the field with the bamboo 
intact. The bamboo soon rots and leaves the tree free and 



1 72 EUCAL YPTUS. 

the transplanting is practically without any exposure for 
the young tree. This method, however, is more costly in 
the nursery handling than our open boxes. From these 
the trees are taken and put into the ground as the planting 
progresses. At this time the boxes should be frequently 
sprinkled. 

With care the percentage of failure is almost nil. A 
watering cart should accompany the planting and each tree 
be given water as it is set out. If this is inconvenient, or 
from circumstances too costly, a showery spring day should 
be selected for the planting, or days after the soil has been 
freshly rained on. 

I have found it pay well to cultivate newly planted 
trees the first and second years of the planting. The vigor 
of the tree is thus increased and it obtains rapid and com- 
plete possession of the soil. I have seen plantations side 
by side, the one with two years cultivating and the other 
with none. Many trees were missing in the uncultivated 
piece, many were stunted in appearance, and the planting 
looked three or four years behind the cultivated one. The 
cost of cultivating should not exceed $5 per acre the first 
year and $2.50 the second and need not be so much. 

March is as early as Eucalyptus should be planted in 
California, — May and June are better. The best time to 
set any evergreen tree is just as it is about to start a new 
growth. Large Eucalyptus trees are very difficult to trans- 
plant. A small tree is always safer and will quickly pass 
a large one that has been successfully moved. 

The smaller the tree is when first set the less likely it 
is to blow over in after years. 

Eucalyptus trees are generally surface rooters and when 
making rapid growth the first three or four years are some- 



EUCAL YPTUS. i 73 

what subject to blow over in high winds after soaking 
rains. Trees must be protected from stock. Ground squir- 
rels and rabbits must ^e cleared from tree plantations. 
This should be done before trees are set out. 

In setting out streets or roadways where there are 
many foot passengers, Eucalyptus trees in large cans or 
boxes, say trees two to three feet high, may suit the con- 
ditions better than very small trees. Of course the cost is 
much greater both for trees and for planting, but it prob- 
ably pays. In setting such large trees great care should be 
taken to see that the trees are not pot bound. 

Mr. Walter Gill, in his pamphlet on tree planting in 
South Australia, speaks only of the following trees, all 
Eucalyptus. Eucalyptus globulus he reports short lived, 
and not suited to the prolonged dry heat of that colony. 
It grows there, however, with great rapidity for a few 
years, and is useful as a temporary windbrake or protec- 
tion for better trees. 

Eucalyptus corynocalyx sugar gum is a fine timber tree 
and hardy against everything but frost — sensitive to this. 
Makes good telegraph poles and stands well in the ground. 
Resists dry heat of interior better than other good trees. 

Eucalyptus rostrata, best timber for lasting underground 
when of good quality — that growing on hilly lands more 
lasting than the bottom land trees, but subject to defects 
as gum veins and shakes. Not of extra good growth on 
dry plains in Australia. 

Eucalyptus cornuta succeeds well in South Australia. 
Timber tough, useful similar to ash. 

Eucalyptus leucoxylon (S. A. blue gum), valuable tree 
of timber utility, similar to sugar gum. Especially suited 
to limestone countrv which other trees do not like. 



i 74 EUCALYPTUS. 

Eucalyptus sideroxylon (Victorian ironbark) suited to 
wheelwrights' work. Does well in South Australia. Mr. 
Gill speaks of the bark of sideroxylon as persistent on all 
the branches as well as on the main stem. (This does 
not seem to be the case in California). L,ittle tree planting 
seems to have been done in Australia outside of this 
colony. 

In Algiers the very considerable tree planting under the 
French Forest officers, notably "Cordier,'' has been largely 
of Eucalyptus. This is also the case in the Argentine 
plantations. In fact where the Eucalyptus will grow there 
is no tree to compare with it in cheapness of handling and 
rapidity of growth. Besides these advantages trees of this 
genus are generally resistent to all forms of insect pests, 
more so indeed in foreign lands than in their own native 
haunts. Eucalyptus amygdalina variety angustifolia is 
often subject in California to willow scale. This scale is 
sometimes found on the fruits of other species but not on 
the trees themselves. Where the temperature is not too 
cold the Eucalyptus will always be the most popular and 
the most advantageous tree for grove or forest plantings. 



HOW TO MEASURE THE HEIGHT OP A TREE. 



Start from the trunk of the tree at a point about as 
high as the eye of the observer and measure out a distance 
according to convenience, which should preferably be 
greater than the supposed height of the tree. At this 
point a stake should be set, the top of which must be at 
the same elevation from the ground as the point on the 



EUCAL YPTUS. 



'75 



tree from which the measure was made. Then at about a 
quarter of the distance between the stake and the tree a 
pole must be raised until its top comes into the line be- 
tween the stake and the top of the tree. This can be 
seen, of course,- by the observer looking over the top of 
the stake. 

The accompanying diagram explains the rest. 



...-=_- on*** 




To calculate the height of a tree, AB:BF = AD:DE. 
Suppose AB = io feet, B F = 8 feet and AD = ioo feet, 

then 10 : 8 = ioo = D E. 
Hence D E = 8o feet and the height of the tree = 8o -'- D C 

the height of the nian from the ground. 



i 7 6 EUCALYPTUS. 



THE EUCALYPTUS BOTAINICALLY. 



The Eucalypti have been classified in various ways, 
viz., by the leaves, by the barks, by the kino-gums, by 
the anthers and in a composite way by Bentham. The 
anthereal system seems to me to be the best for the general 
student; I have therefore adopted it. By means of the 
editing done by Prof. A. J. McClatchie, the plate of typical 
anthers of each series, the key and the glossary, moderate 
attention will enable a person of intelligence to identify the 
leading species of the genus. I have described three species 
which are growing at Santa Monica. Some of the speci- 
mens of Eucalyptus sent to Von Mueller arrived in bad 
condition. Of the three species named by me the Baron 
thought one might be a form of Eucalyptus globulus, and 
another he called Eucalyptus occidentalis. A reference to 
the chapter on Eucalyptus oil will show that it would be 
justifiable to found new species on these trees from the oils 
alone. The oils are widely different in both yield and 
character from Eucalyptus globulus in the one case and 
Eucalyptus occidentalis in the other. 

The genus is spoken of by all observers as an extremely 
difficult one botanically. The difficulty lies in the strong 
tendency to vary in the species and of a consequent merg- 
ing of species into each other. The present arrangement 
of species is far from being satisfactory. The trees which 
we now call Eucalyptus amygdalina var. angustifolia and 
var. regnans are surely worthy of specific rank. This 
would give us three species and three varieties out of the 



EUCAL YPTUS. 177 

present amygdalina in California. Leueoxylon and sider- 
oxylon I have accepted as separate species. The variety 
pallida of sideroxylon is almost worthy of specific rank. 
Eucalyptus viminalis has a considerable range of variation 
here and one of these forms is persistent and specific. 

Baron Von Mueller writes me that the specimen of our 
Eucalyptus robusta sent him is robusta. Yet it is very 
different in its bud form from the plate of this species in 
the Eucalyptographia. What I have called Eucalyptus 
Californica is by Von Mueller called occidentalis. It is 
quite different in bark, flowers, fruits and foliage from the 
typical occidentalis and has varieties of its own. I have 
never seen a typical Eucalyptus maculata. We have only 
the variety citriodora, but I think that this tree as well as 
the lemon-scented iroubark are separate species; many other 
similar instances exist in the genus. In a general way I 
believe that a considerable number of additional species 
should be recognized in the Eucalyptus. 

This work of complete classification could best be done 
in Australia where the old trees could be often definitively 
placed by their seedlings alone. 

The beautiful botanical garden at Sydney or the very 
interesting one at Melbourne would make good seedling 
headquarters. Such local work supplemented by experi- 
ments in the widely distributed stations under Mr. Walter 
Gill in South Australia together with examination and com- 
parison of mature forms, would soon clear up the confusion 
that now troubles us. The classification of Bentham is 
added as an aid to students and I have also put in those 
descriptions of his which are not clearly synonyms of 
those in the regular system. Thus where a specimen of 

Eucalyptus can not be run out on the key and anthrial 
12 



i 7 S EUCALYPTUS. 

classification it may still be looked for in Bentham's sys- 
tem and descriptions. The following partial list of synon- 
yms and varieties, together with the native habitat and 
range and vernacular names of the species may help some- 
what in identifications. 



SYSTEMATIC POSITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE 
EUCALYPTI. 

The Eucalypti belong to the order Myrtacecr, which is characterized 
as follows: 

Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, usually dotted; flowers 
regular or nearly so. Calyx-tube grown to the ovary at the base or up to 
the insertion of the stamens. Petals usually as many as calyx-lobes, 
very much imbricate in the bud, the external one sometimes larger than 
the others, but usually all nearly equal when expanded, sometimes all 
concrete and falling off in a single operculum, or rarely entirely want- 
ing. Stamens indefinite, usually numerous, inserted in one or several 
rows on a disk; filaments free or rarely united into a ring or tube at the 
base, or into as many bundles as there are calyx-lobes; anthers 2-celled, 
versatile or attached by the base, the cells opening in longitudinal slits, 
or rarely in terminal pores. Ovary enclosed in the calyx-tube, some- 
times i-celled, with a placenta attached to the base or adnate to one side, 
more frequently 2 or more celled, with the placentas in the inner angle 
of each cell, very rarely i-celled with 2 purietal placentas. Style simple, 
with a small, capitate, peltate, or lobed stigma. Ovules 2 or more to 
each placenta, in 2 or more rows, or very rarely solitary. Fruit adnate 
to the calyx-tube, capsular and opening at the summit in as many valves 
as cells, or Indihescent, dry, and i-seeded, or succulent and indihescent. 
Perfect seeds usually very few or solitary in each cell, even when the 
ovules are numerous, or rarely numerous and perfect. 

The order is divided into four tribes, the Eucalypti falling into the 
tribe Leptospermae (meaning "small seeds"), the chief characteristic of 
which is its 2 to 5-celled ovary opening at the summit by as many valves 
as there are cells. Of the genera belonging to this tribe, the genus Euca- 
lyptus is by far the largest, about 150 species being known. 

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENUS EUCALYPTUS 

L'HERITIER. 

Calyx of firm consistence, separated into a lower persistent portion 

and a deciduous lid. Petals, none, unless represented in some few 

species by an inner membrane. Stamens very numerous, inserted close 

to the edge of the calyx-tube in several rows, all fertile or some of the 



EUCAL YPTUS. i 79 

outer by absence of anthers sterile, always finally deciduous; filaments 
thread-like, pointed, inflexed while in bud or the outer or very seldom 
all filaments straight before expansion; anthers dorsified, their two cells 
parallel or divergent, each opening by a marginal or anterior slit or less 
commonly by a pore; pollen-grains tetrahedrous, smooth, with longitu- 
dinal apertures. Style long; stigma convex or almost flat, undivided, 
seldom much dilated beyond the summit of the style. Ovary 2-6-celled, 
its lower portion grown to the calyx, its upper portion more or less free. 
Ovules in each cell numerous, the greatest majority remaining unfer- 
tilized. Cotyledons broad, much compressed, somewhat folded, undi- 
vided or bi-lobed, curved around the cylindrical straight erect radicle. 

Evergreen trees, scattered as well as gregarious, sometimes of enor- 
mous height, or dwarfed shrubs, present in all parts of Australia even in 
intratropic low lands or in arid desert sands or on alpine elevations, more 
scantily occurring in New Guinea, in Timor, and very rarely in the 
Moluccas, mostly of rapid growth, flowering occasionally at a very early 
age; stem often kinofluous; bark either completely persistent or its outer 
layers deciduous; matured wood always particularly hard; main branches 
usually distant; foliage often not dense; branches frequently pendent, 
quite glabrous, or sometimes those of young plants (and even mature 
ones) rough-hairy; leaves of aged plants nearly always glabrous and 
thick in texture, never soft-hairy, often scattered and conspicuously 
stalked or in some species opposite and then generally sessile, sometimes 
united; those of young plants frequently different in texture, position and 
shape from those of the more aged plants; these latter generally 
approaching in form to lanceolar-sickle-shaped, often of equal color and 
turning one edge toward the zenith and the other toward the ground; 
much less frequently considerably darker above, and spreading horizon- 
tally; oil-dots pellucid or concealed; peculiarly and strongly odorous; 
primary veins often copious and much spreading; inflorescence either 
axillary or terminal or more rarely both modes united; flowers in single 
or paniculated umbels, rarely in twos, or solitary; umbel-stalks and 
flower-stalklets commonly present, the former sometimes much dilated; 
umbels while very young enclosed within a pair of fugacious and some- 
times diminutive bracts; calyces of different species very variable in 
size; lid not rarely provided with a minute early dropping accessory 
outer layer; filaments gnerally pale with a slightly yellowish tinge, more 
rarely bright yellow, orange-colored or crimson; inner filaments gradu- 
ally shorter; connective of anthers usually raised at the summit or dor- 
sally towards the top into a callous gland; slits of anthers sometimes 
confluent ; fruits for a long while persistent, from very small in some 
species to remarkably large in others, oftener smooth than streaked or 
ridged; valves always glabrous, very rarely by the persistent base of the 
style permanently connected; seeds long retained in the fixed fruit, soon 



i8o EUCAL YPTUS. 

shedding on detachment of the latter; fertile seeds usually outside, dark 
brown; sterile seeds mostly pale brown and smaller than the others. 

To classify the species of so large a genus is no easy task. The 
system of classification adopted below is based on the structure of the 
anthers, the position of the valves, the shape of the lid, the style of 
inflorescence, and the similarity or dissimilarity of the two leaf surfaces. 
The first thing to ascertain about a Eucalyptus that one wishes to identify 
is the structure of the anthers. This can usually be done with a good 
lens by examining anthers from buds just ready to open. It is hoped 
that the accompanying plate and artificial key preceding each section of 
ihe genus will aid in the work of identification. In using the key to a 
section, the first thing to ascertain is whether the valves of a mature seed 
vessel are enclosed within it or project partly or wholly from the mouth. 



I. RENANTHEREAE. 



Anthers mostly broader than long, usually kidney-shaped, opening 
anteriority by divergent, upward confluent slits. (Umbels generally 
solitary. Fertile and sterile seeds mostly of the same shape.) 

ARTIFICIAL KEY. 

A. Valves completely enclosed — B. 
A. Valves partly exserted — C. 
A. Valves completely exserted — 1-3. 
B. Lid hemispheric — 4-1 1. 

B. Lid not hemispheric — D. 

C. Lid hemispheric — E. 

C. Lid not hemispheric — 12-13. 

D. Leaves equally green — 14-15. 

D. Leaves unequally green — 16-17. 

E. Leaves equally green — 18-19. 
E. Leaves unequally green — 20-21. 

1. E. Santalifolia, F. M. Dwarf; leaves thick, rather narrow, 
equally green, shining; umbels solitary, stalklets almost none, lid semi- 
ovate-conical; outer stamens straight in bud, anthers roundish-cordate; 
fruits hemispheric below, border broad, convex, emersed, valves very 
short, exserted. 

2. E. Capitellata, Sm. Leaves thick, elongated, rather less 
shining beneath, very inequilateral at the base; umbels axillary, stalk- 
lets none, lid hemispheric; fruits semiovate below, border broad, convex, 
emersed, valves much exserted. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 181 

3. E. riacrorrhyncha, F. M. Leaves elongated, equally green; 
umbels solitary; calyx-lid concavely attenuated, sharply pointed; fruits 
below hemispheric, border convex, emersed, valves much exserted. 

4. E. paucifiora, Sieb. Leaves elongated, thick, shining, equally 
green, veined longitudinally ; umbels solitary, lid hemispheric ; fruits 
truncate-ovate, border of orifice depressed, valves enclosed. 

5. E. amygdalina, Lab. Leaves thin, equally green; veins not 
much spreading, oil-dots copious, transparent ; umbels solitary, flowers 
small, lid almost hemispheric ; fruits truncate-ovate, border depressed, 
valves enclosed. 

E. amygdalina regnans. Var. 1. Lid hemispheric, pointed, fruit 
obscurely speckled and cut off flat on top as though shaved, fruit and 
flowers small ; bark persistent, rough ; foliage light green ; leaves thin. 

Var. 2. Lid hemispheric, pointed ; fruit scarcely speckled ; valves 
in slight depression ; top of fruit not flat and uniform ; fruit and flowers 
much larger than above ; bark smooth, decorticates ; foliage tlull green. 

Var. 3. Lid hemispheric, pointed ; flowers and fruit larger ; bark 
smooth, decorticates ; foliage bluish green, often with bluish bloom. 

Var. 4. Leaves narrow ; lid hemispheric, flat — no point — purple 
or red spot on center of lid ; fruit regularly speckled, valves in well 
defined, slight depression ; fruit and flowers between the two sizes ; bark 
apparently persistent and similar to that of what we identify as Eucalyp- 
tus punctata, somewhat suggestive of bark of Eucalyptus tereticornis ; 
foliage dull, dark green and leaves very narrow. 

Var. 5. Similar to above except fruits and flowers smaller and 
grows like bush. 

Var. 6. Similar, except bark smooth, decorticates ; large tree ; pep- 
permint odor present in all — far strongest in regnans. 

Leaves in last three very narrow, dull, deep green, thickish and gen- 
erally slimy on both sides. 

E. ligustrina, DC. Prod. iii. 219, described from Sieber's specimens 
n. 617, which I have not seen, is probably this species. 

Var. radiata. Leaves rather broader, 3 to 4 in. long. Flowers 
usually more numerous, sometimes near 20 in the umbels. Fruit almost 
pear-shaped. — E. radiata, Sieb. in DC. Prod. iii. 218; DC. Mem. Myrt. 
t. 7. — Chiefly in N. S. Wales, Sieber, n. 475, and others ; Bent's Basin and 
Nepean rivers, " White Gum," with a smooth bark, Woolls; South of 
Argyle, A. Cunningham, but also in Victoria and Tasmania passing into 
the ordinary form. 

Var. nitida. Leaves broader and more rigid. Peduncles and pedi- 
cels shorter. Flowers rather longer. — E. ambigua, DC. Prod. iii. 219 ? 
from the diagnosis taken from Labillardiere's specimen. E. nitida. 
Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. i. 137. t. 29. — In the dried specimens this variety 
appears to pass into the variety elata of E. Risdoni. 



1 82 EOCAL YPTUS. 

J "ar. ? Hypericifolia. Leaves of the fruiting branches all opposite, 
oblong-lauceolate, rounded or cordate at the base, and sessile or nearly 
so. — Risdon Cove, R. Brown. — E. Hypericifolia, R. Br. Herb. — The 
specimens are large and good but in fruit only. To this form may belong 
also some of the garden plants described from the foliage only under the 
same name. • 

NOTES ON SYNONYMS AND VARIETIES. 

Names have in many cases been given, first to one species, then to 
another, or to varieties by the same, or usually by different botanists. 
This common source of botanical confusion, requires guarding against in 
the Eucalyptus. By referring to a list that follows help may be obtained 
in correcting name errors and in placing varieties correctly. 

Eucalyptus coriacea, see Eucalyptus pauciflora. Eucalyptus Virgata, 
see Eucalyptus Sieberiana. 

6. E. Risdoni, Hook. Leaves sometimes all, even on the flower- 
ing branches, opposite ovate-cordate and more or less connate, or some- 
times those of the flowering branches alternate, broadly lanceolate and 
falcate, rather thick with oblique veins scarcely conspicuous, the intra- 
marginal one at a distance from the edge. Peduncles axillary or lateral, 
terete or angular, bearing each an umbel of 4 to 8, or even more. Flowers 
larger than those of Eucalyptus amygdalina. Fruit subglobose truncate. 
The rim rather broad, flat, the valves enclosed. 

7. E. obliqua, L'Her. Leaves equally green, shining, very inequi- 
lateral at the base ; umbels solitary, calyces granular-rough, lid hemis- 
pheric ; fruits truncate-ovate, border compressed, valves enclosed, 

8. E. haemastoma, D. C. Leaves equally green, very shining ; 
umbels solitary, stalks somewhat compressed; outer stamens sterile ; 
fruits semiovate, border depressed, valves very short, enclosed. 

9. E. Todtiana, F. M. Leaves thick, shining, almost equally 
green; umbels solitary, stalklets none, lid hemispheric ; anthers cordate; 
fruits rather large, truncate— globular, valves enclosed; fertile seeds mem- 
branously margined. 

10. E. euprestium, F. M. Leaves rather small, equally green ; 
umbels mostly solitary; flowers small, lid hemispheric; fruits large, 
truncate-globular, greyish, border compressed, valves enclosed ; fertile 
seeds membranously margined. 

11. E. sepulcralis, F. 1*1. Leaves narrow, equally green; umbels 
solitary; stalks elongated; lid hemispheric, filaments yellow, anthers 
roundish; fruits large, ovate — urnshaped, narrowed upwards, valves 
deeply enclosed. 

12. E. Oldfieldii, F. M. Dwarf; leaves equally green, thick ; 
umbels solitary, stalks short, stalklets very short, lid semiovate-hemis- 
pheric, border of orifice broad convex, emersed, valves exserted. 

13. E. marginata, Sm. Leaves paler beneath, veins spreading; 



EUCAL YPTUS. 183 

umbels solitary, lid conical; outer stamens straight in bud; fruits globu- 
lar-ovate, truncate, border compressed, valves very short, barely enclosed. 

14. E. stellulata, Sieb. Leaves small, thick, equally green, 
veined longitudinally ; umbels solitary, flowers very small, numerous, 
lid semiovate-conical; fruits truncate globular, border depressed, valves 
enclosed. 

15. E. eugenioides, Sieb. Leaves equally dark green, shining, 
very inequilateral at the base, much transparently dotted; umbels mostly 
solitary, lid semiovate ; fruits truncate-globular, border depressed, valves 
barely enclosed. 

16. E. piperita, Sm. Leaves less shining beneath, much transpar- 
ently dotted ; umbels solitary, lid semiovate-conical ; fruits truncate- 
ovate, border compressed, valves enclosed. 

17. E. Pilularis, D. C. Leaves rather less shining beneath; um- 
bels mostly axillary, their stalks compressed, lid semiovate-conical; 
fruits truncate-ovate, border depressed, valved enclosed. 

18. E. Sieberiana, F. fl. Leaves elongated, thick, pale, equally 
green, shining; veins thin, not much spreading; umbels solitary, their 
stalks compressed, lid hemispheric; outer stamens sterile; fruits truncate - 
ovate, border depressed, valves very short, barely enclosed. 

19. E. Baileyana, F. J*l. Leaves thin, equally green, much trans- 
parently dotted; umbels mostly solitary; lid hemispheric; fruits globu- 
lar-urnshaped, border compressed, valves barely enclosed. 

20. E. acmenoides, Sch. Leaves paler beneath; umbels mostly 
axillary, their stalks slender, lid hemispheric, pointed; fruits truncate- 
ovate, border compressed, valves barely enclosed. 

21. E. microcorys, F. M. Leaves thin, much paler beneath, much 
transparently dotted, veins spreading; umbels partly paniculated, stalk- 
lets elongated, lid very small, hemispheric; outer stamens sterile; fruits 
hemiellipsoid, border compressed, valves minute, barely enclosed. 

II. PORANTHEREAE. 



Anthers not or hardly broader than long, usually roundish, opening 
by pores. 

ARTIFICIAL KEY. 

Valves barely enclosed — 1-2. 

Valves completely enclosed — 3-9. 

Valves deeply enclosed — 10-12. 
I. E. uncinata, Turcz. Dwarf; leaves narrow, equally green; 
umbels solitary; flowers small; lid semiovate; stamens sharply inflexed 
before expansion; fruits semiovate, border depressed, valves pointed 
barely enclosed. 



j 8 4 EUCALYPTUS. 

2. E. populifolia, Hook. Leaves broad, equally green, shining, 
long-stalked, much transparently dotted; stalklets very short; umbels 
paniculated; lid hemispheric; fruit small, semiovate, border rather de- 
pressed, valves close to the summit, barely enclosed. 

3. E. paniculata, Sm. Leaves rather thin, paler beneath, umbels 
mostly paniculated; lid thin, conical-semiovate; outer stamens sterile ; 
anthers truncated, opening at the summit; stigma much dilated; fruit 
semiovate, border of orifice compressed, valves enclosed. 

4. E. leucoxylon, F. M. Leaves equally dull green; umbels soli- 
tary, mostly three-flowered, stalklets elongated, lid semiovate pointed ; 
outer stamens sterile, anthers truncated, opening at the summit; stigma 
much dilated; fruits semiovate, border compressed, valves closed. 

5. E. melliodora, A. Cunn. Leaves equally dull green; umbels 
solitary; flowers small; lid conic-hemispherical; outer stamens sterile; 
anthers truncated, opening at the summit; stigma much dilated; fruits 
truncate-ovate; border compressed, valves enclosed. 

6. E. polyanthema, Sch. Leaves broad, equally dull green; um- 
bels paniculated; lid almost hemispheric ; outer stamens sterile; anthers 
truncated, opening at the summit; fruit truncate-ovate, border com- 
pressed, valves enclosed. 

7. E. gracilis, F. M. Dwarf: leaves narrow, equally green, shin- 
ing; umbels solitary; calyces angular; lid almost hemispheric; outer 
stamens sterile; fruits hemiellipsoid, border compressed, valves enclosed. 

8. E. largiflorens, F. fl. Leaves thin, equally dull green; umbels 
paniculated; lid double, the inner hemispheric, less wide than the calyx- 
tube; outer stamens sometimes sterile; fruit small; lid hemispheric; fruit 
truncate-ovate, border rather compressed, valves enclosed. 

9. E. Behriana, F. D/Y. Leaves thick, broadish shining, equally 
green, umbels paniculated; flowers small; lid hemispheric; fruit truncate- 
ovate, border rather depressed, valves enclosed. 

10 E. ochrophloia. Leaves elongated, equally green, shining, 
veins not much spreading; umbels partly paniculated; calyces angular; 
lid semiovate-conical, pointed; outer stamens sterile; fruit hemiellopsoid; 
border compressed, valves deeply enclosed. 

11. E. odorata, Behr. Leaves rather narrow, equally green; oil. 
dots numerous; umbels mostly solitary; lid hemispheric-conical; anthers 
truncated; stigma somewhat dilated; fruits hemiellipsoid, border com- 
pressed, angular at the edge, valves deeply enclosed. 

12. E. hemiphloia, F: fl. Leaves thick, elongated, equally green; 
umbels paniculated; calyces somewhat angular; lid semiovate-conical ; 
fruit hemiellopsoid, border compressed, valves enclosed. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 185 



III. 5TR0NGYLANTHEREAE. 



Anthers not, or scarcely longer than broad, usually roundish, open- 
ing by longitudinal slits. 

ARTIFICIAL KEY. 

A. Valves completely enclosed — B. 
A. Valves partly exserted — C. 
A. Valves completely exserted — D. 
B. Umbels solitary — E. 

B. Umbels paniculated — 1-6. 

C. Umbels solitary — 7-9. 

C. Umbels paniculated — 10, 11. 

D. Umbels solitary — 12-14. 

D. Umbels paniculated — 15, 16. 

E. Leaves equally green — 17-19. 
E. Leaves unequally green — 20-22. 

E. gamophylla, F. M. Dwarf; leaves mostly opposite, connate, 
broad, equally dull-green or ash-grey; umbels partly paniculated; lid 
patellar; fruits truncate-ellipsoid, border compressed; fertile seeds mem- 
branous-margined. 

2. E. pruinosa, Sch. Leaves opposite, sessile, broad, blunt, equally 
ash-grey; umbels terminal, paniculated; lid hemispheric, pointed; slits of 
anthers short; fruits hemiellipsoid, border compressed, valves barely 
enclosed. 

3. melanophloia, F. fl. Leaves opposite, sessile, broad, equally 
ash-grey; umbels partly paniculated; lid semiovate-conical; fruits small, 
semiovate, somewhat angular, border compressed, valves barely enclosed. 

4. E. drepanophylla, F. M. Leaves elongated, equally dull- 
green; umbels mostly paniculated; lid semiovate, blunt; fruits semiovate, 
angular, border compressed, valves barely enclosed. 

5. E. brachyandra, F. M. Dwarf; leaves broadish, blunt; umbels 
paniculated; flowers very small; stamens extremely short; fruits minute, 
bellshaped-semiovate, border compressed, valves enclosed. 

6. E. Howittiana, F. M. Leaves much paler beneath; umbels 
paniculated; stalklets none; flowers very small; lid conical, acute, pale; 
fruits minute, truncate-globular, border compressed, valves enclosed. 

7. E. oleosa, F. T\. Dwarf; leaves equally light-green; umbels 
solitary; stalks slender, stalklets very short; lid semiovate-conical, point- 



iS6 EUCALYPTUS. 

ed; fruits truncate-ovate, neither large nor streaked, border compressed, 
valves long-pointed, half exserted. 

8. E. cneorifolio, D.C. Leaves very narrow, thick, equally green; 
umbels solitary, stalks short, stalklets none; lid semi-ovate; fruits small, 
semiovate, border depressed, valves slightly exserted. 

9. E. salmonophloia, F. H. Leaves equally green, shining; oil- 
dots copious; umbels solitary; stalks slender, stalklets short; lid semi- 
ovate-conical; outer stamens straight in bud; fruit small, semiovate, bor- 
der compressed, valves long-pointed, much exserted. 

10. E. crebra, F. fl. Leaves narrow, thin, equally dull-green, 
veins spreading; umbels mostly paniculated; flowers small; lid semiovate- 
conical; stigma dilated; fruits small, semiovate, border compressed, valves 
short, somewhat exserted. 

11. E. siderophloia, Benth. Leaves elongated, equally green; 
umbels partly paniculated; lid conical, very acute; outer stamens straight 
in bud; fruits samiovate, border compressed, valves somewhat exserted. 

12. E. alba, Rein. Leaves broadish, equally dull-green or ash- 
grey; umbels solitary; lid semiglobular, short pointed; fruit topshaped- 
hemispheric, border depressed, valves exserted. 

13. E. platyphylla, F. 1*1. Leaves often large, cordate or ovate 
roundish, long-stalked, equally dull-green; umbels solitary; stalks short, 
stalklets almost none; lid blunt; fruits small, semiovate, border depressed, 
valves exserted. 

14. E. decipiens, End. Leaves equally dull-green; umbels soli- 
tary; stalklets none; lid broad-conical; fruit semiglobular, border de- 
pressed, broadish, valves long-pointed, much exserted. 

15. E. Raveretiana, F. T\. Leaves thin, somewhat paler beneath; 
oil-dots pellucid; umbels paniculated; lid conical, acute; fruits minute, 
semiglobular beneath, border compressed, valves much exserted. 

16. E.microtheca, F. M. Leaves equally dull, and pale-green; 
umbels paniculated; lid semiovate; fruits small, semiglobular beneath, 
border compressed, valves much exserted. 

17. E. doratoxylon, F. 1*1. Leaves opposite, stalked, narrow 
acute; umbels solitary, bent downward; lid much pointed; fruit ovate- 
globular, orifice small, border compressed, valves enclosed. 

18. E. incrassata, Lab. Dwarf; leaves thick, equally light green, 
shining; umbels solitary; stalks broadly compressed, stalklets almost 
none; lid nearly hemispheric, pointed or blunt; fruits truncate-ovate, 
streaked, border compressed, valves acute, enclosed. 

19. E. patens, Benth. Leaves thin, elongated, almost equally 
dull-green; umbels mostly axillary; lid nearly hemispheric; fruits trun- 
cate-ovate, somewhat streaked, border compressed, valves enclosed. 

20. E. Planchoniana, F. 1*1. Leaves elongated, shining, slightly 
paler beneath; umbels solitary; stalks broadly compressed, stalklets short; 



EUCALYPTUS. 187 

lid broadish-conical, acute; outer stamens straight in bud; fruits rather 
large, semiovate, streaked, border compressed, valves enclosed. 

21. E. diversicolor, F. fl. Leaves elongated, much paler beneath; 
umbels solitary; lid nearly hemispheric; fruits truncate-ovate, attenuated 
at the base, border compressed, valves enclosed. 

22. E. phoenicea, F. H. Leaves thin, dull-green; umbels solitary, 
many-flowered; lid nearly hemispheric; filaments scarlet; ovary two- 
celled; fruits urnshaped-ellipsoid, border compressed, valves deeply 
enclosed. 



IV. ORTHANTHEREAE. 



Anthers distinctly longer than broad, from ovate to narrow-oblong, 
opening by almost parallel slits. 

ARTIFICIAL KEY. 

A. Valves completely enclosed — B. 

A. Valves partly exserted — E. 

A. Valves completely exserted — F. 

B. Umbel solitary— C. 

B. Umbel paniculated — D. 

C. Leaves equally green — 1-14. 

C. Leaves unequally green — 15-18-35. 
I). Leaves equally green — 19-28. 

D. Leaves unequally green — 29-35. 

E. Leaves equally green — 36-45. 

E. Leaves unequally green — 46. 

F. Leaves equally green — 47-57. 
F. Leaves unequally green — 58-59. 

1. E. cordata, Lab. Leaves opposite, sessile, mostly cordate, cren- 
ulated, equally dull green; oil-glands pellucid; umbels solitary; stalklets 
none; fruits semiovate, border compressed, at the edge annular, valves 
barely enclosed. 

2. E. urnigera, Hook. Leaves scattered, long-stalked, almost 
lanceolar, crenulated, equally dark green; oil-glands pellucid; umbels 
.solitary; stalks elongated, stalklets rather short; fruits ellipsoid-urn- 
shaped, border compressed, at the edge annular, valves deeply enclosed. 

3. E. redunca, Sch. Leaves equally green; umbels solitary; 
stalks broadly compressed, lid conical, acute; fruit hemiellipsoid, border 
compressed, valves barely enclosed. 

4. E. foecunda, Sch. Leaves narrow, equally green; umbels 



1 88 EUCAL YPTUS. 

mostly solitary; stalks lender; lid hemispheric; fruit hemiellipsoid, bor- 
der compressed, valves deeply enclosed. 

5. E. goniocalyx, F. i*l. Leaves equally green; umbels solitary, 
stalk compressed, stalklets very short; lid pyramidal-hemispheric; fruit 
truncate-ovate, angular, border narrow, depressed; valves barely enclosed. 

S l / 2 . E. flcClatchie, Kinney. Leaves long-stalked, scattered, 
lanceolar or sickle-shaped, rather narrow, equally dull green; umbels 
solitary, axillary; stalk compressed, about as long as calyx tube, stalklets 
short; calyx tube truncate with two edges and tendency to be somewhat 
flattened or a little out of a true circle; buds very angular, ridges show- 
ing almost as wings; lid hemispheric, acuminate, central point of lid 
blunt and prominent, valves enclosed, bark sheds in long strips; general 
appearance* of tree suggests Eucalyptus globulus or Eucalyptus gonio- 
calyx; anthers oblong, dorsal gland prominent; stamens all fertile, 
infiexed in bud; stigma not or scarcely broader than style. 

6. E. pachypoda, F. 1*1. Dwarf; leaves thick, equally green; um- 
bels solitary; stalks thick, very short; stalklets none; lid semiovate; 
fruit hemielliopsoid, somewhat angular, border compressed, valves 
enclosed. 

7. E longifolia, Lind. Leaves elongated, equally green; umbels 
solitary; stalklets elongated; calyces pale, lid broad-conical, acute; fruit 
rather large, bellshaped-semiovate, angular, border ascendant, valves 
enclosed. 

8. E. Preissiana, Sch. Dwarf; leaves very thick, broadish, blunt, 
equally green, often opposite; umbels solitar)'; stalk broadly compressed, 
stalklets none; lid nearly hemispheric; filaments yellow; fruit large, top- 
shaped-semiovate, border very broad, depressed, valves enclosed, blunt, 
convergent. 

9. E. tetraptera, Turc. Dwarf; leaves very thick, equally green, 
shining; flowers solitary, stalk broadly compressed, bent downward; 
stalklets none; calyx-tube quadrangular, slightly 4-toothed, broader than 
the pyramidal lid; filaments red, anthers purplish; fruit very large, bell- 
shaped-quadrangular, border depressed, valves enclosed. 

10. E. tetradonta, F. ]*1. Leaves opposite, elongated, equally dull- 
green; umbels solitary, st .lklets very short; calyx-tube conspicuously 
4-loothed, lid hemispheric, discal expansion raised; fruit bell-shaped- 
semiovatt, angular, border compressed, valves enclosed. 

11. E. odontocarpa, F. M. Dwarf; leaves mostly opposite, very 
narrow, equally green; umbels solitary; stalklets very short; calyx-tube, 
4-toothed, lid patellar; fruit small, hemiellopsoid, border compressed, 
valves enclosed. 

12. E. eudesmioides, F.JVl.j ^Dwarf ; leaves opposite or scattered, 
rather narrow, equally green; umbels'solitary ; stalk slender, stalklets 
very short; calyx-tube almost toothless; lid patellar; stamens forming 



EUCAL YPTUS. /g 9 

four bundles; fruit truncate-ovate, border compressed, valves enclosed; 
seeds membranously margined. 

13. E. tetragona, F. M. Dwarf; leaves thick, opposite, broad, 
equally whitish -grey; umbels solitary; stalk compressed; calyx-tube 
slightly 4-toothed; lid patellar; stamens forming four bundles; fruit 
rather large, truncate-ovate, angular, border compressed, valves enclosed; 
seeds much membranously margined. 

14. E. erythrocorys, F. T\. Dwarf; leaves thick, elongated, 
mostly opposite, equally green; umbels solitary or flowers single; stalk 
compressed, stalklets none; calyx-tube quadrangular, slightly 4-toothed; 
lid depressed, red; stamens forming four bundles, filaments yellow; fruit 
very large, bellshaped-hemispheric, border very broad, somewhat ascen- 
dant, valves barely enclosed. • 

15. E. miniata, A. Cunn. Reaves dull green, slightly paler be- 
neath ; veins feathery-spreading ; umbels usually solitary ; stalklets 
almost none; lid conic-hemispheric; filaments crimson; fruits very large, 
urnshaped-ovate, bluntly ridged, border compressed, valves enclosed. 

16. E. corynocalyx, F. M. Leaves shining, somewhat paler be- 
neath; umbels mostly solitary; lid almost hemispheric, slightly over- 
reaching the orifice ol the calyx: fruits urnshaped-ellipsoid, streaked, 
border compressed, valves enclosed. 

17. E. botryoides, Sm. Leaves much paler beneath; veins feath- 
ery-spreading; umbels solitary; stalk broadly compressed, salklets almost 
none; lid hemispheric; fruit hemiellipsoid, border compressed, valves 
barely enclosed. 

18. E. robusta, Sm. Leaves thick, broadish, somewhat paler 
beneath; umbels solitary, stalk broadly compressed; calyces pale, lid 
semiglobular-conical, broader than the calyx tube; fruit truncate-ovate, 
border compressed, valves coherent, barely enclosed. 

Local robusta has conical lid not broader than calyx tube. 

19. E. Foelscheana, F. M. Dwarf; leaves large, very broad, 
thick, greyish-green, hardly paler beneath ; flowers paniculated ; stalk- 
lets upward thickened ; lid patellar, tearing off along an irregular suture, 
not so wide as the tube of the calyx ; fruits large, smooth, ovate- 
urnshaped, border compressed, valves enclosed ; fertile seeds large, ter- 
minating in a long membrane. 

20. E. latifolia, F. M. Leaves long-stalked, broad, equally green ; 
umbels paniculated; stalklets slender; fruit rather small, semiovate, 
somewhat bell-shaped, border compressed, valves enclosed ; fertile seeds 
terminating in a membrane. 

21. E. tenninalis, F. M. Leaves thick, dull green, hardly paler 
beneath ; umbels paniculated ; stalklets elongated ; lid tearing off along 
an irregular suture; fruits somewhat large, smooth, urnshaped-ovate, 



igo 



EUCAL YPTUS. 



border compressed, valves enclosed ; fertile seeds terminating in a long 
membrane. 

22. E. clavigera, A. Cunn. Brancblets hairy rough ; leaves 
partly opposite, broad, equally greyish-green ; umbels paniculated ; 
stalklets thin, much elongated; lid patellar, shining; fruits hemiellip- 
soid-urnshaped, border compressed, valves enclosed. 

23. E. tessellaris, F. T\. Leaves narrow, elongated, equally 
green ; umbels mostly paniculated ; stalklets very short ; lid patellar, 
shining ; fruits truncate-ovate, slightly urceolar, border compressed, 
valves enclosed ; fertile seeds almost flat, membranous-margined. 

24. E. maculata, Hook. Leaves elongated, equally green ; 
veins feathery-spreading ; umbels paniculated ; stalklets short ; lid 
double, hemispheric, the inner thin, shining ; fruit truncate-ovate, some- 
what urnsbaped, border compressed, valves enclosed. 

25. E. eximia, Sch. Leaves thick, elongated, equally green ; 
umbels paniculated ; stalklets none ; lid thin, hemispheric, shining, 
imperfectly double ; fruit rather large, truncate ovate, somewhat urn- 
shaped, border compressed, valves enclosed ; fertile seeds large. 

26. E. Watsoniana, F. fl. Leaves broadish, equally green ; 
umbels paniculated ; lid thick, depressed-hemispheric, wider than the 
calyx-tube, shining ; fruits large, urnshaped-semiovate, border broad, 
descendingly depressed, raised above the calyx-tube, valves enclosed ; 
fertile seeds large. 

27. E. peltata, Benth. Branchlets hairy- rough; leaves broadish, 
mostly inserted above their base, equally pale-green; umbels paniculated; 
stalklets very short; lid double, almost hemispheric, the inner shining; 
fruits rather small, truncate-ovate, somewhat urnshaped, border com- 
pressed, valves enclosed. 

28. E. setosa, Sch. Leaves opposite, broad, sessile, equally dull- 
and pale-green; umbels mostly paniculated, as well as the branchlets 
bristly-rough; stalklets elongated; lid tearing off along an irregular su- 
ture, not so wide as the calyx-tube; fruits large, truncate-ovate, somewhat 
urnshaped, smooth, border compressed, valves enclosed; fertile seeds 
terminating in a long membrane. 

29. E. ptychocarpa, F. H. Leaves large, broadish, acute, much 
paler beneath; veins feathery-spreading; umbels paniculated; stalklets 
elongated; lid hemispheric; filaments crimson; fruits very large, truncate- 
ellipsoid, prominently ridged, border compressed, valves enclosed; fertile 
seeds terminating in a long membrane. 

30. E. ficifolia, F. n. Leaves broadish, much paler beneath; veins 
feathery-spreading; umbels paniculated; stalklets elongated; lid patellar, 
less wide than the calyx-tube, tearing off along an irregular suture; fila- 
ments crimson; fruits large, smooth, urnshaped-ovate, border compressed 
valves enclosed; fertile seeds pale, terminating in a long membrane. 



EUCALYPTUS. igi 

31. E. calophylla, R. Br. Leaves broad, acute, much paler be- 
neath; veins feather-spreading; umbels paniculated; stalklets elongated; 
lid patellar, less wide than the calyx-tube, tearing off along an irregular 
suture; fruits large, smooth, ovate-urnshaped; border compressed, valves 
enclosed; fertile seeds terminating in a large membrane. 

32. E. Abergiana, F. i"l. Leaves thick, broadish, acute, much 
paler beneath ; veins feathery-spreading ; umbels paniculated ; stalklets 
almost none ; lid hemispheric, tearing off along an irregular suture ; 
fruits large, smooth, ovate-urnshaped, border compressed, valves enclosed; 
iertile seeds terminating in a large membrane. 

33. E. corymbosa, Sm. Leaves much paler beneath; veins 
feathery-spreading; umbels paniculated; stalklets elongated; lid short, 
tearing off along an irregular suture; fruits rather large, smooth, ovate- 
shaped, border compressed, valves enclosed; fertile seeds terminating in 
a very short membrane. 

34. trachyphloia, F M. Leaves rather narrow, elongated, slightly 
paler beneath; umbels paniculated; lid very small, patellar, tearing off 
along an irregular suture; fruits rather small, urnshaped-ovate, border 
compressed, valves enclosed. 

35. E. punctata, D. C. Leaves paler beneath; veins very spread- 
ing, oil-dots pellucid; umbels partly paniculated; stalks broadly com- 
pressed; lid semiovate-conical; fruit semiovate, border depressed, valves 
small, barely exserted. 

36. E. pulverulenta, Sims. Leaves opposite, sessile, mostly cor- 
date, equally whitish-grey; oil-glands pellucid; umbels solitary, three-or 
few-flowered; stalklets almost none; fruits small, semiovate-tooshaped; 
border narrow, depressed, valves small, exserted. 

37. E. Gunnii, Hook. Leaves scattered, stalked, thick, broadish- 
lanceolar, equally dark green, shining; umbels solitary, with several 
flowers; stalklets vory short; lid shining, hemispheric, short-pointed; fruits 
topshaped-serniovate, border depressed, valves small, slightly exserted. 

38. E. salubris, F. H. Leaves thin, equally dark-green; oil-dots 
copious, pellucid; umbels solitary, stalks compressed ; lid hemiellipsoid; 
fruits semiovate, border depressed, very narrow, valves small, exserted. 

39. E. occidentalis, End. Leaves thick, equally green; umbels 
solitary; stalks broadly compressed, stalklets short; lid cylindric-conical, 
stamens straight in bud; fruits bellshaped-semiovate, border depressed, 
valves exserted, pointed. 

39 l A. E. Californica, Kinney Leaves thick, shining on both 
sides, dark green, often irregular, onesided or crenulated in form; um- 
bels solitary; stalks very broadly compressed, bent; stalklets well defined; 
lid cylindrical-conical, narrower than tube of calyx; stamens straight in 
bud, yellow, greenish-yellow or crimson; fruits truncate, somewhat 
ridged, valves barely enclosed, generally coherent, bark sheds. Fruit, 
flowers and stems larger than in occidentalis; leaves broader, thicker and 
darker green. 

40. E. obcordata, Turc. Leaves thick, broad, blunt, shining ; 
umbels solitary; stalk very broadly compressed, bent downwards, stalk 



i 9 2 EUCAL YPTUS. 

lets none; lid cylindric-conical, narrower than the tube of the calyx; 
stamens straight in bud; fruit truncate-ovate, very angular, border com- 
pressed, valves slightly exserted. 

41. E. erythronema, Turc. Leaves narrow, equally green; oil- 
dots pellucid; umbels solitary; stalklets much elongated; lid conica^ 
filaments red; fruit topshaped, border depressed, valves slightly exserted. 

42. E. cosmophylla, F. i*\. Dwarf; leaves thick, equally dull- 
green; umbels solitary; stalk very short, stalklets almost none; lid semi- 
globular, short-pointed ; fruits semiovate, border depressed, valves 
exserted. 

43. E. globulus, Lab. Leaves thick, elongated, equally green; 
flowers mostly solitary, stalks and stalklets almost none; lid double, the 
inner crownshaped; fruit large, hemispheric, warty-rough, angular, bor- 
der broad, depressed, valves exserted, convergent. 

44. E. pachyphylla, F. M. Dwarf; leaves very thick, broadish, 
acute, equally green; umbels solitary; stalk and stalklets very short or 
none; lid semiovate-pyramidal, pointed; filaments yellow; fruit topshaped- 
hemispheric below, very angular, border broad, ascending, valves slight- 
ly exserted; fertile seeds membranously margined. 

45. E. pyriformis, Turc. Dwarf; leaves thick, equally green; 
umbels solitary; flowers very large, calyces wrinkled, lid hemispheric, 
pointed; filaments red or yellow; fruit very large, topshaped-hemispheric, 
angular, border very broad, ascending, valve slightly exserted; fertile 
seeds membraneously margined. 

46. E. resinifera, Sm. Leaves much paler beneath; veins very 
spreading; umbels solitary; stalk compressed; lid conical, acute; fruit 
semiovate, border depressed, narrow, valves exserted, pointed. 

47. E. Stuartiana, F. M. Leaves scattered, stalked, equally dark- 
green, shining; umbels solitary, few-flowered, stalklets almost none; lid 
nearly hemispheric; fruits small, semiovate-topshaped, border narrow, 
rather convex, valves verv small, exserted. 

48. E. viminalis, Hook. Leaves scattered, stalked, falcate-lan- 
ceolar, equally green; umbels solitary, mostly three-flowered; stalklets 
almost none or very short; lid semiovate, mostly short-pointed; fruit 
semiovate, border somewhat convex, valves exserted. 

49. E. rostrata, Schl. Leaves scattered, stalked, falcate-lanceolar- 
equally green; umbels solitary, with several flowers; stalks rather elongat- 
ed, stalklets conspicuous; lid from an hemispheric base sharp-pointed; 
fruit below semiglobular, border convex, valves exserted. 

50. E. teritcornis, Sm. Leaves scattered, stalked, falcate-lan- 
ceolar, equally green; umbels solitary, with several flowers; stalks rather 
elongated, stalklets conspicuous; lid mostly elongate-conical; outer sta- 
mens straight in bud; fruits below semiglobular, border convex, valves 
exserted. 



EUCAL YPTUS. r 93 

5oyi. E. mortoniana. Leaves long-stalked, scattered, lanceolar 
or sickle-shaped, long and rather broad; equally dull green; stalk com- 
pressed; about length of calyx tube; stalklet distinct; calyx-tube rough, 
often slightly ridged, topshaped or truncate ovate; border of tube has- 
appearance ot a pot of some thick fluid boiling over: lid hemispheric- 
acuminate, the point or beak of the lid is thick and long; buds flattened 
and angular; valves exserted, generally four or rarely three; bark sheds 
in long strips. General appearance suggests Eucalyptus globulus; anth- 
ers oblong, opening by parallel slits, dorsal gland prominent, style spot- 
ted somewhat dilated toward top, stigma not dilated. 

51. E. vernicosa, Hook. Dwarf; leaves often very small, mostly 
ovate, equally dark-green, very shining; flowers 1 to 3; stalks and stalk- 
lets very short; lid shining, short-pointed; fruits semiovate, border de- 
pressed, valves exserted. 

52. E. rudis, End. Leaves thin, falcate-lanceolar, equally dull- 
green; oil-dots pellucid; umbels solitary; stalklets short; lid broad-coni- 
cal, transverse edge of the calyx prominent in bud; fruits semiglobular 
topshaped, border rather convex, valves exserted. 

53. E. cornuta, Lab. Leaves equally green ; umbels solitary; 
stalklets almost none, lid very long, unwards cylindrical; filaments yel- 
low, long, straight in bud; fruit bellshaped-semiovate, border depressed, 
valves very long, awlshaped, coherent. 

54. E. Lehmanni, Preiss. Leaves from ovate to oblong or almost 
lanceolate, obtuse, very thick, the veins very oblique and rather distant ; 
flowers several, often 20 or more together in dense heads upon thick re- 
curved pecuncles 1 to 3 inches long, and sometimes much flattened, the 
receptacle forming a globose of )A inch or more in diameter, in which 
the calyx tubes are more or less immersed; fruits half immersed in the 
receptacle; the exserted valves connivent into a cone. 

55. E. megacarpa, L. fl. Leaves equally green; umbels solitary ; 
stalks broadly compressed, stalklets none; lid semiglobular, short pointed ; 
fruit large, almost hemispheric, warty-rough, angular, border broad, de- 
pressed, valves exserted, blunt, convergent. 

56. E. alpina, Lind. Leaves very thick, broad, blunt, equally 
green, shining; umbels solitary or flowers single; stalks and stalklets 
none; lid crownshaped, anthers cordate; fruit hemispheric, border 
depressed, valves exserted. 

57. E. macrocarpa, Hook. Dwarf ; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate- 
cordate, equally whitish-grey; flowers solitary, very large; stalk and stalk- 
lets almost none; lid semiovate-conical; Aliments red; fruit very large, 
topshaped-hemispheric; border broad, convex; valves exserted; fertile 
seeds membranously margined. 

58. E. saligna, Sm. Leaves much paler beneath; veins feathery- 
s preading; umbels solitary; stalk compressed, stalklets very short; lid 

13 



<;/ EUCALYPTUS. 

hemispheric, short-pointed; fruit semiovate, border depressed, very nar- 
row, valves small, exserted. 

59 E. gomphocephala, D. C. Leaves thick, shining, slightly 
paler beneath; umbels solitary; stalk broadly compressed, stalklets none; 
lid broader than the tube of the calyx, almost hemispheric; fruit large, 
topshaped, border broad, convex, valves exserted, convergent. 

The characters of unusual forms of any species are not covered by 
this synopsis. 



RENANTHEREAE. 



Descriptions from Bentham not classified by me: 

6. E. coccifera, Hook. f. in Hook. Loud. Joitrn. vi. 477, and Fl . 
Tasin. i. 133. t. 25. A small tree generally very glaucous. Leaves lan- 
ceolate, acuminate or obtuse, mostly 2 to 3 in. long, thick and shining, 
the veins oblique, not numerous nor very conspicuous. Peduncles 
axillary or lateral, short, thick and much flattened upwards, each with 3 
to 6 flowers, sessile or nearly so. Calyx-tube narrow-turbinate, tapering 
at the base, prominently angled, fully 3 lines long and not above 2 diam- 
ter. Operculum exceedingly short, broad, flat or depressed and rugose. 
Stamens about 3 lines long, inflected in the bud; anthers reniform with 
diverging or divaricate cells, confluent at the apex. Ovary short, flat- 
topped. Fruit obovoidtruncate, scarcely contracted at the orifice and 
often losing the angles of the calyx, 4 to 5 or even 6 lines diameter, the 
rim flat and rather broad, the capsule scarcely depressed, with short 
valves. — Bot. Mag. t. 4637; E. daphnoides, Miq. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 

iv. 133. 

Tasmania. Summits of the mountains at an elevation of 3000 to 
4000 ft., J. D. Hooker. 

Var, parvifiora. Flowers much smaller, the peduncles exceedingly 
short. — Mount Fatigue, Gunn. 

The species has much the aspect 'of some thick-leaved forms of E. 
amygdalina, but is readily known by the depressed operculum and 
longer calyx. 

8. E. dives, Schau, in Walp. Rep. ii. 926. A small tree of 12 ft. 
Leaves sessile, opposite, cordate or ovate, acute or acuminate, rather 
large, on one branch the upper ones tending to become alternate and ob- 
lique. Peduncles mostly on the stem below the leaves, bearing each a 
dense umbel of 8 to 12 or even more flowers. Buds clavate. Calyx-tube 
short and broad, about 2 lines diameter, tapering into a rather thick 
pedicel longer than the calyx. Operculum short obtuse and hemispher- 
ical. Anther-cells divergent and confluent at the apex. Fruit unknown. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 195 

IN. S. Wales. Forest land north of Bathurst, A. Cunningham. 
Probably an opposite leaved state of some species very nearly allied to 
or even identical with E. obliqita, of which it has the flowers. I have, 
however, seen no specimen of the true E. obliqita from so far north. 

9. E. obtusiflora, DC. Prod. iii. 220, and Mem. Myrt. 1. 10. Leaves 
mostly straight, oblong elliptical or almost lanceolate, acuminate, often 
all under 3 in. long, but in some luxuriant specimens move falcate, acu- 
minate and attaining 5 in., very thick and rigid, the veins oblique and 
parallel, but not close, the intramarginal one at a distance from the edge. 
Peduncles lateral or axillary, somewhat compressed, rigid, with an um- 
bel of 4 to 8 rather large flowers. Buds clavate. Pedicels much thick- 
ened upwards. Calyx-tube short and broad, fully three lines diameter. 
Operculum broadly hemispherical, obtuse or umbonate, thick, shorter 
than the calyx-tube. Stamens 2 to 3 lines long, all perfect; anthers 
reniform, with divergent cells usually confluent at the apex. Fruit very 
hard and woody, ovoid-truncate, above )£ in. long, the orifice scarcely 
contracted, the rim rather broad and concave, the capsule depressed. — 
E. rigida, Sieb. PI. Exs. 

N. S. Wales. Port Jackson, Sieber, n. 473; F. Mueller; Bargo 
Brush, Backhouse. — Allied to E. obliqiia, but with much more rigid 
straighter leaves, the flowers larger, and the fruit much larger and dif- 
ferently shaped. I have not seen De Candolle's specimens, and his fig- 
ure represents parallel celled anthers, but that is probably the fault of 
the artist. In other respects it agrees well with our plant. 



STRONGYLANTHlREAE. 



24. E. oligantha, Schau. in Walp. Rep. ii. 926. Leaves all petio- 
late but very broad, orbicular or ovate, obtuse or shortly acuminate, 3 to 
4 in. long, rigidly coriaceous with prominent diverging veins, parallel 
but rather distant. Umbels 3 to 6-flowered, collected in a short terminal 
panicle. Peduncles terete. Calyx-tube campanulate, about three lines 
long and as much in diameter, tapering into a short pedicel. Operculum 
rather thick, conical, shorter than the calyx. Stamens 2 to 3 lines long, 
all perfect, inflected in the bud; anthers very small and globular, with 
distinct parallel cells opening in circular pores or very short slits. Fruit 
unknown. 

N. Australia. Copeland Island, N. coast, A. Cunningham. Until 
the fruit is known, the precise affinities of this species cannot be deter- 
mined. It is very unlike any other one I have seen. 

36. E. albens, Miq. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. iv. 138. A tree, attain- 
ing 60 to 80 ft., with a dull green persistent bark (E. Mueller), separating 



i 9 6 EUCALYPTUS. 

in smooth laminEe or strips (C. Stuart), the foliage usually very glaucous 
or almost mealy-white. Leaves usually large, broad, ovate-lanceolate or 
lanceolate, often 6 in. long or more, rigid, with oblique veins, the intra- 
marginal one at a distance from the edge. Peduncles lateral, rigid, 
scarcely flattened, sometimes yl in. long, but often much shorter, bearing 
4 to 8 rather large flowers. Buds long and acuminate, apparently sessile, 
but really tapering into short thick angular pedicels. Calyx tube 3 to 4 
lines long and scarcely 2 lines diameter, 2-angled or nearly terete. Oper- 
culum conical,. acuminate, as long as or rather shorter than the calyx-tube. 
Stamens 3 to 4 lines long, all perfect, inflected; anthers very small and 
globular, with distinct parallel cells, opening at length to the base or 
nearly so. Ovary short, slightly conical in the centre. Fruit obovoid- 
oblong, truncate, nearly l /z in. long, the rim narrow, the capsule deeply 
sunk. 

N. S. Wales. Macquarrie river, A. Cunningham; New England, 
"White Gum," C. Stuart; between Alford's and the Range, "Box," 
Lei eh ha nit. 

Victoria. Poor plains, between Ten-mile Creek and Broken River, 
" White Box," F. Mueller. 

A very distinct species with something of the habit of the Robustes, 
but with the anthers of the Micranthera. F. Mueller refers it to E. pal- 
lens, DC, which I have not seen. De Candolle's character agrees rather 
better with E. dealbata than with E. albeus, but the short hemispherical 
operculum he describes occurs in neither. 

37. E. Bowmani, E. Muell. Herb. Stature and bark unknown. 
Leaves ovate-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, mostly 4 to 6 in. long, 
straight or falcate, obtuse or acuminate, rigid, with oblique veins, the 
marginal one at a distance from the edge, like those of E. albeus, but not 
glaucous. Peduncles axillary or lateral, more or less flattened, bearing 
4 to 8 rather large flowers. Buds obtuse, tapering into a short very thick 
pedicel or nearly sessile. Calyx-tube obovoid or turbinate, thick, about 
2 lines long and as much diameter. Operculum thick, obtuse, longer 
than the calyx-tube. Stamens 3 to 4 lines long, the filaments slender, 
inflected in the bud, but not showing the acute angle of E. corynocalyx ; 
anthers very small and globular, but with distinct parallel cells, opening 
longitudinally. Ovary conical in the centre. Fruit unknown. 

Queensland, Bowman. I have some hesitation in describing the 
species without having seen the fruit, but it appears quite distinct from 
any other one known to me. It seems to be allied to E. albeus and E. 
corynocalyx, but differs from both in the shape of the flowers. 

Specimens of two other trees or shrubs, in F. Mueller's collection, 
are probably closely allied to, if not varieties of the same; one from the 
head of the Gwydir, Leichhardt, in bud only, is glaucous like E. alliens, 
and has the calyx-tube shorter and the operculum longer than in E. 
Bozvmani, which it agrees with in other respects. The other from Mount 



EUCALYPTUS. i 97 

Elliot, Fitzalan, in flower, only differs from E. Bowmani in the upper 
umbels almost paniculate, in the more distinct pedicels and in the oper- 
culum rather shorter and broader. 

44. E. brachypoda, Turcz.in Bull. Mosc. 1849, ii. 21. A tall shrub, 
or small or moderate sized tree, the bark varying from smooth and 
whitish to dark and rugged, persistent or shed in large patches (Oldfield) 
dark and rough on the trunk, smooth whitish and deciduous on the 
branches (E. Mueller). Leaves from ovate obtuse and under 2 in. to 
long-lanceolate obtuse acute or acuminate and attaining 6 to 8 in., more 
or less pale or glaucous, with numerous very fine parallel almost trans- 
verse veins, scarcely conspicuous when the leaf is thick, the marginal 
one near or close to the edge. Peduncles short terete or nearly so, each 
with about 3 to 6 or sometimes more small flowers; umbels usually 3 or 4 
together in short panicles either terminal or in the upper axils, or rarely 
the lower ones solitary and axillary. Calyx short, broad and open, 1 to 
\ 1 /, lines diameter. Operculum conical or obtuse, not longer than the 
calyx-tube. Stamens 1 to 2 lines long, inflected in the bud; anthers very 
small, globular, with distinct parallel cells. Ovary convex in the centre. 
Fruit almost hemispherical, rarely 2 lines diameter, the orifice open or 
almost dilated, the rim narrow, the capsule slightly sunk, but very con- 
vex in the centre, the valves protruding when open. — E. brevifolia, F. 
Muell. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii.. 84; E. microtheca, F. Muell. in Journ. 
Linn. Soc. iii. 87. 

N. Australia. N. W. coast, A. Cunningham; table land of the 
upper Victoria river, "Fox-tree," also in the scrub between Flinders and 
Albert rivers, Gulf of Carpentaria, E. Mueller. Macdonnell Ranges, 
M' Douall SI nail's Expedition . 

N. S. Wales. Between the Darling river and Barrier Range, Victo- 
rian Expedition. 

S. Australia: Cooper's Creek, HoiviWs Expedition. 

W. Australia, Drummond, 4th Coll. n. 73. Wet places near the 
Murchison river, among flooded gums, called "Colaille," Oldfield, who 
remarks on the variability of the bark, but there appears to be some con- 
fusion in his notes. 

With the habit and inflorescence of E. crebra, this species differs 
from all others of the group in the very open fruit with exserted valves. 

45. E. brachyandra, /•'. Muell. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 97. A tall 
shrub or small tree. Leaves ovate or oblong, on long petioles, very ob- 
tuse, 2 to 4 in. long, thick with numerous parallel very diverging veins, 
fine but not very close. Flowers not seen. Umbels several together in 
a short panicle. Calyx after flowering very small, ovoid-globose, with a 
few very short stamens with minute globose anthers remaining about the 
orifice. Fruit urceolate-globose, scarcely more than 1 line long, the rim 
thin, the capsule sunk. 



1 98 EUCAL YPTUS. 

N. Australia. Rocky declivities of the Upper Victoria river, F. 
Mueller. The specimens preserved are very fragmentary. 

ioo. E. concolor, Schau. in PI. Preiss. i. 129. A tree of 30 to 40 
ft., with a smooth bark {Oldfield), a small tree of 8 to 12 ft. {Preiss), with 
much of the aspect of E. dedpiens, but larger and more rigid in all its 
parts. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-acuminate, often 4 to 5 in. 
long, thick and rigid, the fine diverging veins numerous and parallel but 
scarcely conspicuous, the intrainargiual one nearer the edge than in E. 
dedpiens. Peduncles short, axillary, broad and flat but thick, each with 
a head of 6 to 12 or more sessile flowers. Calyx-tube turbinate, thick 
and often angled, but otherwise smooth, about 3 lines long. Operculum 
conical or acuminate, rather longer than the calyx-tube. Stamens in- 
flected; anthers globular, small, but not so small as in E. dedpiens, with 
distinct parallel cells. Ovary conical or convex in the centre. Fruit 
globose-truncate, about 4 lines diameter, contracted at the orifice, the 
rim broad, flat or slightly convex, the capsule sunk, but the points of the 
valves usually protruding. 

W. Australia. Doubtful-Island Bay and shady ravines, Point Irwin, 
Oldfield ; near Freemantle, Preiss, n. 225 ; also Drummond, 4th 
Coll. n. 77. 

101. E. goniantha, Turcz. in Bull. Jlfose. 1847, i. 163. Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate-acuminate, mostly falcate, rarely under 3 
in. and sometimes above 4 in. long, thick and rigid, the very fine rather 
oblique veins numerous and parallel but scarcely conspicuous, the intra- 
marginal one close to or very near the edge. Peduncles axillary or lat- 
eral, short, rather thick and flattened, mostly recurved, each with 4 to 8 
flowers on short thick angular pedicels. Calyx-tube very broadly turbi- 
nate, thick and very prominently ribbed, 3 to 4 lines diameter. Oper- 
culum strongly ribbed, nearly hemispherical at the base, with a thick ob- 
tuse beak as long as or rather longer than the calyx-tube. Stamens 4 to 5 
lines long, inflected in the bud; anthers small, ovate, with parallel dis- 
tinct cells. Fruit depressed-globular or subglobular. truncate, hard, more 
or less ribbed, or sometimes almost smooth, 4 to 5 lines diameter, some- 
what contracted at the orifice, the rim rather broad and nearly flat, the 
capsule somewhat sunk, but the valves occasionally protruding. 

W. Australia. King George's Sound or to the eastward, Collie; 
Baxter; Drumtnond, 3rd Coll. n. 71; P'ranklin river, Maxwell (in fruit 
only with rather broad leaves). 

104. E. decurva, F. Mitel/. Fragtn. iii. 130. A large shrub of 10 
to 12 ft., or a small tree of 10 to 30 ft., with a smooth bark {Oldfield, 
Maxiuell). Leaves lanceolate, usually narrow, rarely ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate, rarely exceeding 4 in. and often under 3 in. long, thick or 
rather thin, the veins diverging, but not close and scarcely visible, the 
intramarginal one more or less distant from the edge. Peduncles axillary 



EUCAL YPTUS. 199 

or lateral, terete, or somewhat flattened, each bearing an umbel of 3 to 7 
flowers usually recurved and on rather long pedicels, but sometimes 
erect. Calyx-tube ovoid or almost cylindrical, 2 to 2j^ lines long and 
nearly 2 lines diameter, abruptly contracted or obtuse at the base, not 
ribbed. Operculum hemispherical and broad at the base, with a central 
beak sometimes very short, sometimes above 2 lines long. Stamens about 
3 lines long, the filaments slender and acutely inflected as in E. uncinata 
and E. corynocalyx ; anthers very small, globular, with distinct parallel 
cells. Ovary short, convex or conical in the centre. Fruit ovoid, con- 
tracted at the orifice, 3 to 4 lines long and rather less in diameter, the 
rim narrow, the capsule deeply sunk. 

W. Australia. Low flats and rich soil to the east of Kojonerup 
from the Stirling Range to East Mount Barren, Maxwell, also Drum- 
mond. $th Coll. n. 186, all with narrow not very thick leaves ; from Kal- 
gan river and King George's Sound to the eastward, Harvey, Old field, 
Maxwell, with broader and thicker leaves ; Vasse river, Gilbert, n. 266, 
with thick but narrow leaves. 

A specimen in fruit only from Murchison river, Oldfield, looks like 
the same species. The E. doratoxylon, which in many respects resem- 
bles this species, differs in the leaves mostly opposite as well as in the 
stamens. The E. decurva itself is very closely allied to E. oleosa, but 
the shape of the calyx and fruit and the arrangement of the stamens are 
somewhat different. 



ORTHAINTHEREAE. 



33. E. micranthera, E. Muell. Herb. A shrub, of 6 to 10 ft., with 
a smooth bark {Maxwell), Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or 
almost obtuse, 2 to nearly 4 in. long, very thick and smooth so as wholly 
to conceal the veins. Peduncles very short, often flattened, with 3 to 6 
flowers like those of E. uncinata or E. oleosa, but larger. Calyx-tube 
turbinate, 2 to nearly 3 lines long, tapering into a very shoit thick pedi- 
cel or almost sessile. Operculum very obtuse and shorter than the calyx- 
tube. Stamens inflected, sometimes almost as acutely so as in E. cory- 
nocalyx and E. uncinata, but the filaments not so fine and the anthers 
very minute, with parallel contiguous cells. Ovary flat-topped. Fruit 
globose-truncate, 4 to 5 lines diameter, somewhat contracted at the ori- 
fice, the rim broad, flat or slightly concave, the capsule very slightly sunk. 

W. Australia. Sandy hummocks, from Israelite Bay to Eyre's Re- 
lief, Maxwell. 

Possibly a form of E. uncinata, but both the operculum and the sta- 
mens appear different. 



200 EUCALYPTUS. 

54. E. conoidea, Benth. Leaves narrow-oblong or lanceolate, 
mostly obtuse and under 3 in. long, thick and shining, the very oblique 
veins scarcely conspicuous, the intramarginal one at a distance from the 
edge. Peduncles axillary or lateral, usually recurved, terete or slightly 
angular, each with 3 to 5 rather large pedicellate flowers. Calyx-tube 
obconical, more or less distinctly ribbed, 3 lines long or rather more, 
tapering into the pedicel. Operculum broad and conical, smooth or 
ribbed, not thick, nearly twice as long as the calyx-tube. Stamens 
nearly l /z in. long, inflected in the bud, raised by the thick disk )A to 1 
line above the border of the calyx; anthers oblong, with parallel distinct 
cells. Fruit turbinate-truncate, 4 to 6 lines long and as much in diame- 
ter on the top, the rim raised above the calyx-border, broad and flat or 
concave, the capsule level with it or more or less depressed, the short 
broad valves often protruding when open. 

W. Australia, Drummond, 5th Coll. n. 37. 

Var. marginata. Border of the calyx expanded into a prominent 
horizontal or reflexed ring. — Drummond, 3rd Coll. n. 56. 

65. E. grossa, F. Muell. Herb. A stunted shrub [Maxwell). 
Leaves from ovate and obtuse to lanceolate and acute, very thick and 
shining, under 3 in. long, the veins oblique, rarely conspicuous, the 
intramarginal one at a distance from the edge. Peduncles axillary or 
lateral, often recurved, thick and much flattened, wnth usually 3 large 
sessile flowers. Calyx -tube turbinate, prominently ribbed, 4 to 5 lines 
long. Operculum oblong, very obtuse, thin and smooth, as long as or 
rather shorter, perhaps sometimes longer than the calyx-tube. Stamens 
about )A in. long, inflected in the bud; anthers ovate-oblong, with par- 
allel distinct cells. Ovary short, convex in the centra. Fruit not seen. 
W. Australia Phillips river and its tributaries, Maxwell. I feel 
uncertain as to the affinities of this species, the smooth cylindrical obtuse 
operculum is like that of some of the Cornutce, but the stamens are much 
inflected in the bud, and the flowers are otherwise quite those of the 
larger forms of E. incrassata. 

71. E. annulata, Benth. A tall shrub with a smooth bark {Max- 
well). Leaves narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly under 4 in. long, 
thick and smooth with oblique veins usually very indistinct, the intra- 
marginal one near the edge. Peduncles axillary or lateral, short, thick, 
flat, and almost as broad as long, each with about 6 to 1 2 sessile flowers. 
Calyx-tube turbinate-campanulate, about 3 lines diameter. Operculum 6 
to S lines long, usually incurved and very obtuse or almost clavate at the 
end. Stamens straight as in E. cornuta, but apparently of a yellowish- 
white colour as in E. macrandra, the margin of the disk that bears them 
forming a raised in flexed ring about ^i line broad; anthers oblong with 
parallel cells. Ovary conical at the top, tapering into the style. Fruit 
depressed-globose, 4 to 5 lines diameter, the convex rim protruding into 



EUCAL YPTUS. 201 

a thick ring, quite distinct from the valves, which project much, taper- 
ing into long erect or conniveut points formed by the persistent base of 
the style. 

W. Australia. Salt River, Maxwell. 

73. E. macrandra, F. Muell. Herb. A shrub or small tree with a 
smooth bark {Maxwell}. Leaves from ovate-lanceolate to narrow-lance- 
olate, rarely exceeding 4 in., very thick and smooth, the veins more 
numerous and more diverging than in E. coriiitta, and the intramarginal 
one usually nearer the edge, but generally scarcely visible. Peduncles 
rigid and flattened, mostly )4 to 1 in. long, with 8 to 16 or even more 
flowers, sessile or on very short pedicels. Calyx-tube obovoid-campanu- 
late, usually 2)A to 3 lines long and rather less in diameter, but in some 
specimens smaller. Operculum usually above 1 in. long. Stamens when 
^dry yellowish, erect in the bud as in E. comuta, the edge of the disk 
inflected; anthers oblong, with parallel cells. Ovary flat-topped, the 
style not thickened at the base. Fruit semiovoid, truncate. 3 to 4 lines 
diameter, or in some specimens rather smaller, the rim narrow, on a level 
with the calyx as well as the flat-topped capsule, the small valves not 
protruding. 

W. Australia. From the valleys S. of Stirling range to Salt River 
and Phillips range, Maxwell. 

75. E. spathulata, Hook. Ic. PL t. 611. A shrub of 6 to 8 ft. or 
rather more. Leaves linear, linear-lanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceo- 
late, straight or slightly falcate, under 3 in. long, thick and rigid so as 
wholly to conceal the veins. Peduncles short, axillary or lateral, flat- 
tened but usually not very broad, each with about 4 to 6 flowers. Calyx- 
tube obovoid, thick, about 2 lines long, tapering into a short thick ped- 
icel. Operculum cylindrical, obtuse, often narrower than the calyx and 
about twice as long. Stamens erect, slightly flexuose, about 4 lines long, 
the border of the staminal disk inflected over the sunk ovary; anthers 
oblong, parallel-celled. Style slightly thickened at the base. Fruit obo- 
void, 3 lines or rather more in length and nearly as much in diameter, 
contracted at the orifice, which is further closed hy the rather broad flat 
rim; capsule sunk, but the points of the valves sometimes slightly pro- 
truding. 

W. Australia. Between Perth and King George's Sound, Harvey; 
Drummond) 3rd Coll. n . 6S. 

Var. grandiflora. Leaves rather broader. Flowers and fruits larger. 
— Phillips range, Maxwell. 

The species has much of the aspect of the narrow-leaved forms of 
E. redunca, but in that the operculum is acuminate, and the stamens 
more or less inflected in the bud. 

76. E. pallidifolia, F. Muell. Fragm. iii. 131. A small tree with 
an ash-coloured smooth bark (F. Mueller). Leaves ovate-oblong or Ian- 



202 EUCALYPTUS. 

ceolate, very obtuse and rarely 3 in. long, thick and smooth, the fine par- 
allel very diverging veins scarcely visible, the intramarginal one close to 
the edge. Peduncles axillary or lateral, short, nearly terete, with 4 to 6 
nearly sessile or shortly pedicellate flowers. Calyx-tube short, about 2 
lines diameter. Operculum hemispherical or obtusely conical, shorter 
than the calyx-tube. Stamens about 2 lines long, inflected in the bud ; 
anthers ovate with parallel distinct cells. Ovary flat-topped. Fruit obo- 
void-globose, 3 to 4 lines diameter, slightly contracted at the orifice, the 
rirn broad, convex, and prominent, the capsule not sunk, the valves pro- 
truding and sometimes acuminate by the persistent split base of the style. 
N. Australia. Sandstone table-land on the Upper Victoria river and 
Sturt's Creek, F. Mueller. — As observed by F. Mueller, this resembles in 
some respects E. oleosa, but the venation of the leaves and the fruit are 
different. 

79. E. pachy Ionia, Benth. A shrub of 5 ft. {Maxwell}. Leaves 
mostly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, under 3 in. long, thick 
and rigid, the very oblique veins scarcely conspicuous, the intramarginal 
one at a distance from the edge. Peduncles axillary or lateral, short and 
thick, terete or slightly angular, each with 2 to 4 rather large flowers. 
Calyx-tube broadly turbinate or almost hemispherical, about 4 lines diam- 
eter, smooth and tapering into the very short thick pedicel. Stamens 
pale-coloured, yi in. long or more, slender and inflected in the bud; an- 
thers ovate with distinct parallel cells. Disk concave. Fruit sessile, de- 
pressed-globose, 7 to 8 lines diameter, with the very thick broad convex 
and raised rim of E. Oldfieldii, but without any depressed centre, the 
capsule not sunk, and the small valves protruding as in E. rostrata. 

W. Australia. Drummond, 4th Coll. 71. 64; sand plains, Kalgan 
river, Oldfield ; valleys of the Stirling range, Maxzvell. 

80. E. Drummondii, Benth. Leaves from ovate-oblong to lanceo- 
late, obtuse or acuminate, under 3 in. long, very thick, with very fine 
close parallel veins, very diverging or almost tranverse, but scarcely con- 
spicuous, the intramarginal one close to the edge. Peduncles axillary or 
lateral y 2 to i l / 2 in. long, terete or nearly so, each bearing an umble of 3 
to 6 rather large flowers on terete pedicels often ]/ 2 in. long. Calyx-tube 
broadly hemispherical, hard and smooth, 4 to 5 lines diameter. Oper- 
culum conical, rather broader and considerably longer than the calyx- 
tube. Stamens about y 2 in. long, inflected in the bud; anthers rather 
small, ovate, with distinct parallel cells. Disk very broad, nearly flat, 
forming a prominent ring round the ovary, of which the obtusely conical 
centre protrudes about 1 or 1 1 / 2 lines above the disk at the time of flow- 
ering. Fruit unknown. 

W. Australia. Between Swan River and King George's Sound, 
Drummond, 2nd Coll. n. 86 ; also 5th Coll. 

81. E. orbifolia, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 50. A shrub of 5 ft. (O 



E UCA L YPTUS. 203 

Harper) , the foliage nearly white or yellowish in the single small speci- 
men seen. Leaves nearly orbicular, very obtuse, under 2 in. diameter, 
very thick and smooth, the veins irregular and distant but scarcely con- 
spicuous. Peduncle axillary, terete, not }4 in. long, with the scars of 5 
flowers. Pedicels short and terete. Calyx-tube broadly hemispherical, 
smooth, about *4 in. diameter. Operculum thick, conical, nearly twice 
as long as the calyx-tube. Stamens very numerous, inflected in the bud; 
anthers ovate, with distinct parallel cells. Disk narrow round the coni- 
cal summit of the ovary, which protrudes 3 or 4 lines above the border 
of the calyx, tapering into the short thick style. Fruit unknown. 

W. Australia. Granite hills in the interior to the north of Swan 
river, C. Harper. Although evidently allied to E. Drummondi, this ap- 
pears to be specifically distinct both in the leaves and the parts of the 
flowers. 

83. E. leptopoda, Benth. "Branchlets slender. Leaves linear-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate, often above 4 in. long, not very thick but the veins 
inconspicuous. Peduncles axillary or lateral, slender, terete or slightly 
flattened, bearing each a loose umbel of 10 to 15 small flowers on slender 
pedicels much longer than the buds. Calyx-tube broadly turbinate or 
almost hemispherical, about 1% lines diameter. Operculum conical, 
from a little shorter to a litttle longer than the calyx tube and not so 
broad. Stamens inflected in the bud, flexuose, not 2 lines long; anthers 
ovate or almost globose, with parallel distinct cells. Fruit depressed- 
globular, nearly 3 lines diameter, the rim broad, flat or slightly convex, 
the capsule not sunk, the valves protruding when open. 

W. Australia, Drummond, 3th Coll. Suppl. n, 33 and 36, also n. 151 
and iSS of other sets. 

In the specimens n. 188 the buds are rather larger than in the others, 
the peduncles and pedicels shorter and the fruits smaller, scarcely 2 lines 
diameter, with long prominent points to the valves. 

84. E. cinerea, F. Muell. Herb. A moderate-sized tree, with a 
whitish-brown persistent bark, somewhat fibrous, the foliage more or less 
glaucous or mealy white. Leaves opposite, sessile, cordate, ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, mostly 2 to 4 in. long. Peduncles 
axillary or in short terminal corymbs, terete or nearly so, each with 3 to 
7 pedicellate flowers. Calyx broadly turbinate, about 2 lines diameter, 
or rather more. Operculum conical, shorter than the calyx-tube. Sta- 
mens 2 to 3 lines long, inflected in the bud; anthers small but ovate, with 
distinct parallel cells. Ovary convex in the centre. Fruit semiglobose 
or subglobose-truncate, about 3 lines diameter, often slightly contracted 
at the orifice, the rim thin, the capsule very slightly sunk but the valves 
protruding. 

N. S. Wales. Lachlan river, near Bathurst, A. Cunningham; also 
Lake George, Herb. F. Mueller. 



204 EUCAL YPTUS. 

V. Mueller (Fragrn. ii. 70) unites with this E. pulverulenta, of which 
it ma}- be a variety, but, as far as the specimens go, the differences in the 
leaf, in the size of the flower, and in the shape of the fruit appear to be 
constant. It may, however, be an opposite-leaved state of E. dealbata, 
and possibly, as well as that species, a form of E. viminalis. 

85. E. dealbata, A. Cunn.; Schau. in Walp. Rep. ii. 924. A small 
stunted tree, the foliage often glaucous-white, the bark rugose or sepa- 
rating in scales, leaving the inner bark white and smooth (C. Stuart). 
Leaves from ovate to ovate -lanceolate and under 4 in. long or sometimes 
lanceolate and longer, obtuse or acute, the veins oblique and irregular, 
the intramarginal one at a distance from the edge, all usually conspicu- 
ous. Peduncles axillary or lateral, very short and scarcely flattened, 
bearing each 3 to 6 flowers on short pedicels. Calyx-tube very open, 
about 2 lines diameter and not so long. Operculum broad, rather thin, 
hemispherical or conical, longer than tlie calyx-tube. Stamens about 3 
lines long, inflected in the bud; anthers ovate, with parallel distinct 
cells. Ovary more or less conical in the centre, tapering into the style. 
Fruit almost hemispherical, about 3 lines diameter, the rim flat, the valves 
protruding even before they open. 

Queensland. In the interior, Mitchell. 

N. S. Wales. Rocky situations in the interior, A. Cunningham; 
New England, C. Stuart, also probably a specimen in young bud of a 
"Box," Leichhardt; Mudgee, "River Gum," C. Moore. It is possible 
that this may prove to be the true E. pa/tens, DC. F. Mueller thinks it 
may be reducible to a variety of E. viminalis. 

88. ? E. exserta, F. Muell. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 85. A moder- 
ate-sized or small tree, the bark ash-brown, rough and fissured outside 
and falling in fragments, somewhat fibrous inside (E. Mite/ tor), dark 
iron-grey and roughish [O/d/ield). Leaves lanceolate, mostly falcate and 
acuminate, 3 to 6 in. long or sometimes much more, the lower ones often 
ovate, rather thick, the veins rather regular, numerous and oblique, the 
intramarginal one not close to the edge. Peduncles axillary or lateral, 
terete or scarcely compressed, bearing each 3 to 8 flowers on distinct 
often rather long pedicels. Calyx-tube hemispherical, about 2 lines 
diameter (or sometimes nearly 3 ?). Operculum hemispherical or broadly 
conical, more or less beaked, acuminate and rather longer than the calyx- 
tube. Stamens about 2 lines long or rather more, inflected in the bud; 
anthers* ovate with parallel distinct cells. Fruit nearly globular, 3 to 4 lines 
diameter, the rim broad and very prominent, almost conical, the capsule 
not sunk, and the valves entirely protruding even before they open. 

Queensland. Burnett river, E. Mueller: 

W. Australia. Murchison river, Oldfield. 

This is probaly the same as E. rostrata, notwithstanding the differ- 
ences described in the bark. There may be also some confusion in Old- 



EUCAL YPTUS. 205 

field's specimens, the larger-flowered ones may belong to E. rudis, which 
differs in its large flowers, shorter pedicels, and in the much larger fruit 
with a flat rim. 

97. 1£. pellita, E. Muell. Fragm.'w. 159. A tree of 40 to 50 ft., 
with a rough dark grey bark {Djillachy). Leaves ovate lanceolate or 
almost ovate, acuminate, nearly straight, 5 to 6 in. long or more, rigid, 
with numerous parallel almost transverse veins, the intramarginal one 
near the edge. Peduncles axillary or lateral, stout and much flattened, 
often 1 in. long, each with about 4 to 8 rather large flowers on thick 
angular pedicels often as long as the calyx-tube. Calyx-tube much 
broader and shorter than in E. botryoidcs, 5 to nearly 6 lines diameter 
and more or less angular. Operculum thick, hemispherical, broader than 
the calyx tube, with a short obtuse beak. Stamens about }A in. long, 
somewhat raised above the calyx-border by the disk, inflected in the bud; 
anthers ovate-oblong, with parallel distinct cells. Ovary very conical in 
the centre. Fruit subglobose- truncate or nearly hemispherical, 6 to 8 
lines diameter, not contracted at the orifice, the rim raised above the 
calyx-border, slightly convex and rather broad, the capsule scarcelv sunk, 
the valves much projecting. — E. speclabilis, F. Muell. Fragm. v. 45. 

Queensland. Rockhampton, Dallacliy. The species, as observed 
by F. Mueller, resembles E. botryoides, but differs in the larger especiallv 
broader flowers, in the conical ovary, and in the shape of the fruit. It is, 
however, very closely allied to E. saligna and E. resini/era, differing 
chiefly in the size of its leaves, flowers, and fruit, and should perhaps in- 
clude the var. grandiflora, which I have referred to the latter. 

102. E. falcata, Turcz. in Bull. Mosc. 1847, i. 163. A shrub of 10 
to 12 ft. {Maxwell). Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, often falcate, mostlv 
under 4 in. long, thick and smooth, the very fine oblique veins scarcelv 
visible. Peduncles axillary or lateral, terete or slightly angular, each 
with about 6 to 12 flowers on slender pedicels of 3 to 4 lines. Calvx-tube 
short, depressed, about 2 lines diameter, thick, and more or less dis- 
tinctly furrowed, but not so much so as in E. goniantha. Operculum 
conical, acuminate, fully twice as long as and much narrower than the 
calyx-tube. Stamens 2 to 3 lines long, or rather more, inflected in the 
bud; anthers ovate, with parallel distinct cells. Fruit depressed-globu- 
lar, 3 to 4 lines diameter, much contracted at the orifice, the rim narrow 
and flat, but the disk within the staminal margin forming a protruding 
ring over the capsule, which is sunk, but the long points of the valves, 
formed by the split base of the style, usually protrude. 

W. Australia, Drummond, 3rd Coll- n. jo; plains to the north and 
south of Stirling range, Maxwell. 

107. E. grandifolia, R. Br. Herb. A small tree, with the outer 
bark brown and deciduous, the inner whitish and verv smooth (A'. 
Brown). Leaves opposite or nearly so, petiolate, from ovate to ovate- 



206 EUCAL YPTUS. 

lanceolate, 4 to 6 in. long in the specimens, but probably often larger, 
rigid, with rather fine diverging veins, the intramarginal one remote 
from the edge. Flowers rather large, on pedicels of Vz to ^ in., 3 to 10 
together, rather clustered than umbellate on a very short lateral peduncle, 
reduced sometimes to a tubercle (probably the inflorescence consists of 
several umbels reduced to 1 or 2 flowers each). Calyx-tube very short, 
broad, and open, 4 to nearly 5 lines diameter. Operculum convex or 
almost hemispherical, obtuse or umbonate, much shorter than the calyx- 
tube. Stamens 4 to 5 lines long or rather more, inflected in the bud; an- 
ther oblong, with parallel distinct cells. Ovary flat topped. Fruit un- 
known. 

N. Australia. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown {Hetb. 
A'. Brown). 

112 ? E. loxophleba, Benth. A tree from 10 to 30 ft. high, with a 
rough ash-grey fibrous bark (Old field), 40 to 45 ft., the bark separable in 
layers (Preiss). Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, narrow and often 4 to 5 
in. long or the lower one shorter and broader, all rather rigid with very 
oblique rather distant and prominent veins, the intramarginal one distant 
from the edge. Peduncles axillary or lateral, terete or slightly flattened, 
each with a dense umbel of 6 to 12 flowers. Calyx-tube obconical, 2 to 
2% or rarely nearly 3 lines long, tapering into a short pedicel. Opercu- 
lum hemispherical or obtusely conical, shorter than the calyx-tube. Sta- 
mens scarcely exceeding 2 lines, inflected in the bud, the filaments usually 
dark-coloured in the dry specimens; anthers small, with parallel distinct 
cells. Fruit narrow-obovoid, truncate, straight or slightly contracted at 
the orifice, rarely above 3 lines long and 2 lines diameter, the rim narrow, 
the capsule deeply sunk. — E. amygdalina, Schau. in PI. Preiss. i. 130 
(from the description given), not of Labill.; E. frulicetorum, F. Muell. 
Fragm. ii. 57 fas to the W. Australian specimens). 

W. Australia. S wan River and Darling range, Collie; Drummond, 
2nd Coll. n- 82; York district, Preiss. n. 246 (and 248?); Murchison river 
and Champion Bay, " York Gum," Old field. 

The " Yandee," a tree of 40 to 45 ft., with a nearly black persistent 
furrowed bark consisting of strap-like pieces, from the Murchison river, 
Oldjield, appears to be otherwise precisely the same. 

Var. frulieosa. A shrub branching from the ground, the leaves 
rather broader, the flowers rather larger, the peduncles more flattened. — 
Murchison river, Oldjield; Salt river, Maxwell. 

115. E. perfoliata, R. Brawn, Herd. A large shrub of 10 ft. or 
more (A. Cunningham). Leaves opposite, connate, 6 to 8 in. long and 
3 to 4 in. broad, very obtuse, glaucous with numerous parallel transverse 
veins. Flowers large, sessile in heads of 4 to 6, on terete peduncles form- 
ing a corymbose terminal panicle. Calyx-tube thick, broadly turbinate, 
smooth or nearly so, 7 to 8 lines long and as much in diameter. Oper- 



EUCAL YPTUS. 207 

culutn not seen. Stamens above ]A in. long, inflected in the bud; an- 
thers small, ovate-oblong, with parallel distinct cells. Fruit urceolate, 1% 
in. long and above i in. diameter, smooth, the rim concave, the capsule 
sunk. Seeds not seen. 

127. E. dichromophloia, F. Muell. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 89. A 
moderate-sized or large tree, the bark smooth, ash-grey, at length sepa- 
rating from the inner reddish bark (F. Mueller). Leaves in the imper- 
fect specimens very long, lanceolate, narrow, thick, with numerous, very 
fine, close, parallel veins, the intramarginal one scarcely distant from the 
edge. Umbels several-flowered, forming loose, terminal, corymbose pan- 
icles. Young buds obovoid, with a very short obtuse operculum; perfect 
flowers unknown. Anthers of E. corymbosa. Fruit urceolate-globose, 
with a contracted neck, smooth, attaining sometimes x / 2 in. diameter, but 
mostly much smaller; the rim thin, the capsule sunk. Perfect seeds 
broadly winged on one side. 

128. E. pyrophora, Benth. Nearly allied to the preceding four 
species, but apparently to be distinguished, unless all be considered as 
forms of E. corymbosa. Leaves long, narrow, and thicker than in any 
of them. Inflorescence the same. Buds obovo'ul-p ;ar-shaped, the very 
obtuse operculum undistinguishable from the calyx-tube till it separates, 
and then often tearing off irregularly. Flowers larger than in E. termi- 
nalis, the calyx-tube very broad and opm, varying from 4 to 6 lines diam- 
eter. Stamens of the allied spec.es. Fruit globose or slightly ovoid, 
contracted at the orifice, without a distinct neck, the rim thin, the cap- 
sule sunk. Seeds apparently winged, but not seen perfect. 



UNKNOWN A;iT!1rR6 



93. E. patellaris, F. Muell. in Journ. Linn. Soe. iii. 84. A tall 
tree with a rough furrowed persistent dull whitish bark {F. Mueller). 
Leaves lanceolate, falcate, acuminate, about 4 to 6 in. long, the veins 
rather numerous and regular, oblique, the intramarginal one rather dis- 
tant from the edge. Perfect flowers unknown. Inflorescence perhaps 
compound. Calyx-tube (only seen in a diseased persistent bud) hard, 
hemispherical, about 5 lines diameter, the border prominent. Opercu- 
lum much depressed, umbonate. Fruit pedicellate, broadly urceolate, 
about 5 lines diameter, the orifice dilated, the rim broad and flat, the 
valves protruding. 

N. Australia. Dry banks of the Roper river, (F. Mueller). De- 
scribed from specimens far too imperfect to determine the affinities. 

116. E. ferruginea, Schau. in Walp. Rep. ii. 926. A moderate- 
sized tree, with a rough persistent dark grey bark (F. Mueller), the 



208 EUCALYPTUS. 

young branches and often the foliage more or less rusty -pubescent, or the 
branches bispid with a few stiff hairs or bristles, but sometimes quite 
glabrous. Leaves large, often 4 to 5 in. diameter, sessile, opposite, cor- 
date orbicular or oblong, mostly obtuse and sometimes undulate. Flow- 
ers rather large, the umbels in a dense terminal corymbose panicle, or in 
one specimen a single umbel axillary. Peduncles and pedicels short, 
terete. Calyx-tube very broadly campauulate, 6 to 8 lines diameter. 
Operculum broadly conical, shorter than the calyx-tube. Fruit ovoid, 
when perfect about 1 in. long and % in. diameter, contracted towards 
the orifice, the rim narrow, the capsule deeply sunk. Seeds winged. — 
F. Muell. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 95; E. confer tiflora, F. Muell. 1. c. 96. 
N. Australia. Copeland island, N. W. coast, A. Cunningham; Vic- 
toria river and Arnhem's Land, F. Mueller. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 2 o 9 



GLOSSARY 

OR 

DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING PLANTS. 



A, at the beginning of words of Greek derivation, commonly signifies a 

negative, or the absence of something ; as rzpetalous, without petals ; 

aphyllous, leafless, etc. If the word begins with a vowel, the prefix 

is an ; as awantherous, destitute of anther. 
Abnormal : contrary to the usual or the natural structure. 
Aboriginal : original in the strictest sense ; same as indigenous. 
Abortive : imperfectly formed, or rudimentary. 
Abortion : the imperfect formation, or non-formation of some part. 
Abrupt : suddenly terminating ; 

Abruptly pinnate : pinnate without an odd leaflet at the end. 
Acaulescent (acaulis) : apparently stemless ; the proper stem bearing the 

leaves and flowers, being very short or subterranean, as in Bloodroot, 

and most Violets. 
Accessory : something additional ; as Accessory buds. 
Accrescent : growing larger after flowering, as the calyx of Physalis. 
Accumbent: lying against a thing The cotyledons are accumbent when 

they lie with their edges against the radicle. 
Acerose : needle-shaped, as the leaves of Pines. 
Acetabuleform : saucer-shaped. 

Achenium (plural adieu ia) : a one-seeded, seed-like fruit. 
. hhlauiydeous (flower) : without floral envelopes ; as Lizard 's-tail. 
Ac icu la r: needle-shaped; more slender than acerose. 
Acinacifortn : scymitar-shaped, like some bean-pods. 
Acines : the separate grains of a fruit, such as the raspberry. 
Acorn : the nut of the Oak. 

Acotyledonous : destitute of cotyledons or seed-leaves. 
Acrogenous : growing from the apex, as the stems of Ferns and Mosses. 
Acrogens, or Acrogenous Plants: the higher Cryptogamous plants, such 

as Ferns, etc. 
Aculeate : armed with prickles, i. e. aculei ; as the Rose and Brier. 
14- 



EUCALYPTUS. 

Aculeolate : armed with small prickles, or slightly prickly. 

Acuminate : taper-pointed. 

Acute: merely sharp-pointed, or ending in a point less than a right- 
angle. 

Adelphous (stamens): joined in a fraternity (adelp/n'a) : see monadel- 
p/ious and diadelplwus. 

^Adherent : sticking to, or, more commonly, growing fast to another body. 

Adnate : growing fast to ; it means born adherent. The Anther is 
adnate when fixed by its whole length to the filament or its prolonga- 
tion, as in Tulip-tree. 

Adpressed, or appressed : brought into contract, but not united. 

Adscendent, ascendent, or ascending : rising gradually upwards. 

Adsurgent, or assurgent : same as ascending. 

Adventitoiis : out of the proper or usual place. 

Aventive : applied to foreign plants accidentally or sparingly sponta- 
neous in a country, but hardly to be called naturalized. 

^Equilateral : equal sided ; opposed to oblique. 

^Estivation : the arrangement of parts in a flower-bud. 

Air-cells or Air-passages : spaces in the tissue of leaves and some stems. 

Akenium, or akene. See achenium. 

Ala (plural alee) : a wing ; the side petals of a papilionaceous corolla. 

Alabastrum : a flower-bud. 

Alar: situated in the forks of a stem. 

A late : winged, as the seeds of Trumpet-Creeper, the fruit of the Maple, 
Elm, etc. 

Albescent : whitish, or turning white. 

Albumen of the seed ; nourishing matter stored up with the embryo, 
but not within it. 

Albumen, a vegetable product ; a form of proteine. 

Albuminous (seeds) : furnished with albumen, as the seeds of Indian 
corn, of Buckwheat, etc. 

Alburnum : young wood, sap-wood. 

Alpine : belonging to high mountains above the limit of forests. 

Alternate (leaves) : one after another. Petals are alternate with the 
sepals, or stamens with the petals, when they stand over the intervals 
between them. 

Alveolate : honey-comb-like, as the receptacle of the Cotton-Thistle. 

Atnent: a catkin. Amentaceous : Catkin-like, or catkin-bearing. 

Amorpheus : shapeless ; without any definite form. 

. Xmphigastrium (plural amphigastria) ; a peculiar stipule-like leaf of 
certain Liverworts. 

Amphitropous or Amphitropal ovules or seeds. 

Amplectant : embracing. Amplexicaul (leaves) : clasping the stem by 
the base. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 211 

Ampullaceous : swelling out like a bottle or bladder. 

Amylaceous; composed of starch, or starch-like. 

Anantherous : without anthers Ananthous : destitute of flowers; 

flowerless. 
Anastomosing : forming a net-work {anastomosis), as the veins of leaves. 
Avatropous or Anatropal ovules or seeds 

Ancipital [anceps) : two-edged, as the stem of Blue-eyed Grass. 
Andrcecium : a name for the stamens taken together. 
Androgynous : having both staminate and pistillate flowers in the same 

cluster or inflorescence, as many species of Carex. 
Androphore : a column of united stamens, as in a Mallow ; or the sup- 
port on which stamens are raised. 
Anfractuose : bent hither and thither, as the anthers of the squash, etc. 
Angiospermce , Angiospermous Plants: with their seeds formed in an 

ovary or pericarp. 
Angular, divergence of leaves. 
Annual (p'ant) : flowering and fruiting the year it is raised from the 

seed, and then dying. 
Annular: in the form of a ring, or forming a circle. 
Annulate : marked by rings or furnished with an 
Aunulus, or ring, like that of the spore-case of most Ferns ; in Mosses it 

is a ring of cells placed between the mouth of the spore-case and the 

lid, in many species. 
Anterior, in the blossom, is the part next the bract, i. e. external : — while 

the posterior side is that next the axis of inflorescence. Thus, in the 

Pea, etc., the keel is anterior, and the standard posterior. 
Anther : the essential part of the stamen, which contains the pollen. 
Antheridium : (plural ant/ieridia) : the organ in Mosses, etc. which 

answers to the anther of Flowering Plants. 
Antherifei ous : anther-bearing. 

Anthesis : the period or the act of the expansion of a flower. 
Anthocarpous (fruits) ; same as multiple fruits. 
Anticous : same as anterior 
Antrorse ; directed upwards or forwards. 
Apetalous : destitute of petals. 
Aphyllous : destitute of leaves, at least of foliage. 
Apical : belonging to the apex or point. 

Apiculate : pointletted ; tipped with a short and abrupt point. 
Apocarpous (pistils) : when the several pistils of the same flower are 

separate, as in a Buttercup, Sedum, etc. 
Apophysis: any irregular swelling ; the enlargement at the base of the 

spore-case of the Umbrella-Moss. 
Appendage : any superadded part. 
Appendiculate : provided with appendages. 



2i2 EUCAL YPTUS. 

. Impressed : where branches are close pressed to the stem, or leaves to 

branch, etc. 
Apterous: wingless. 

Aquatic : living or growing in water ; applied to plants, whether grow- 
ing under water, or with all but the base raised out of it. 
Arachnoid : cobwebby ; clothed with, or consisting of soft downy fibres. 
Arboreous Arborescent : tree-like in size or form. 
Archegonium (plural archegonia) : the organ in Mosses, etc., which is 

analogous to the pistil of Flowering Plants. 
. ircuate : bent or curved like a bow. 
Areolate : marked out into little spaces or areola-. 
Arillate (seeds) furnished with an 
. Xril or Arillus : a fleshy growth forming a false coat or appendage to a 

seed. 
Aristate : awned, i. e. furnished with an arista, like the beard of 

Barley, etc 
Aristulate : diminutive of the last ; short-awned. 
Arrow-shaped ox Arrow-headed: same as sagittate. 
Articulated : jointed; iurnished with joints or articulations where it 

separates or inclines to do so. 
. Xspergilliform : shaped like the brush used to sprinkle holy wate ; as 

the stigmas of many Grasses. 
Assurgent : same as ascending. 

Atropous or Atropal (ovules) : same as orthotropous. 
Au> iculate : furnished with auricles, or ear-like appendages. 
Awl-shaped : sharp-pointed from a broader base. 
A ten : the bristle or beard of Barley, Oats, etc ; or any similar bristle-like 

appendage. 
Atoned : furnished with an awn or long bristle-shaped tip. 
Axil: the angle on the upper side between a leaf and the stem. 
Axile : belonging to the axis or occupying the axis. 
Axillary : (buds, etc.) : occurring in an axil. 
Axis : the central line of any body ; the organ round which others are 

attached ; the root and stem. 

Baccate: berry-like, of a pulpy nature like a berry (in Latin bacca.) 

Barbate : bearded ; bearing tufts, spots, or lines of hairs. 

Barbed: furnished with a barb or double hook; as the apex of the 
bristle on the fruit of Echinospermum (Stickseed), etc. 

Barbel/ate : said of the bristles of the pappus of some Composite 
(species of Liatris, etc.), when beset with short, stiff hairs, longer 
than when denticulate, but shorter than when plumose. 

Barbellulate : diminutive of barbellate. 

Bark : the covering of a stern outside of the wood. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 213 

Basal : belonging or attached to the 

Base : that extremity of any organ by which it is attached to its support. 

Beaked : ending in a prolonged, narrow tip. 

Bearded : see barbate. Beard is sometimes used popularly for awn, 
more commonly for long or stiff hairs of any sort. 

Bell-shaped : of the shape of a bell, as the corolla of Harebell. 

Berry : a fruit pulpy or juicy throughout, as a grape. 

Bi, (or Bis), in compound words : twice ; as 

Biarticulate : twice-jointed, or two-jointed ; separating into two pieces. 

Biauriculate : having two ears. 

Bicallose : having two callosities or harder spots. 

Bicarinate : two-keeled, as the upper palea of Grasses. 

Bicipital (Biceps) : two-headed ; dividing into two parts at the top or 
bottom . 

Biconj agate : twice-paired, as when a petiole forks twice. 

Bidentate : having two teeth (not twice or doubly dentate.) 

Biennial: of two years' continuance; springing from the seed one 
season, flowering and dying the next. 

Bifarions : two-ranked ; arranged in two rows. 

Bifid : two-cleft to about the middle, as the petals of Mouse-ear Chick- 
weed. 

Bifoliolate : a compound leaf of two leaflets. 

Bifurcate: twice forked ; or, more commonly forked into two branches. 

Bij agate: bearing two pairs (of leaflets, etc.) 

Bilabiate : two-lipped, as the corolla of sage, etc. 

Bilamellate : of two plates (lame/la'), as the stigma of Mimulus. 

Bilobed : the same as two-lobed. 

Bilocular : two-celled ; as most anthers, the pod of Foxglove, most Saxi- 
frages. 

Binate : in couples, two together. 

Bipartite: the Latin form of two-parted. 

Bipinnate (leaf) ; twice pinnate. 

Bipinnatifid : twice pinnatifid ; that is, pinnatifid with the lobes again 
pinnatifid. 

Biplicatc : twice folded together. 

Biserial, or Biseriate : occupying two rows, one within the other. 

Biserrate : doubly serrate, as when the teeth of a leaf, etc., are them- 
selves serrate. 

Biternate : twice ternate ; i.e., principal divisions three, each bearing 
three leaflets, etc. 

Bladdery : thin and inflated, like the calyx of Silene inflata. 

I Hade of a leaf: its expanded portion. 

Boat-shaped : concave within and keeled without, in shape like a small 
boat. 



zi i EUCAL YPTUS. 

Brachiate : with opposite branches at right angles to each other, as in 
the Maple and Lilac. 

Bract (Latin, bracted). Bracts, in general, are the leaves of an inflores- 
cence, more or less different from ordinary leaves. Specially, the 
bract is the small leaf or scale from the axil of which a flower or its 
pedicel proceeds ; and a 

Bractlet [bracteola] is a bract seated on the pedicel or flower-stalk. 

Bristles : stiff, sharp hairs, or any very 1 slender bodies of similar 
appearance. 

Bristly : beset with bristles. 

Brush-shaped : see aspcrgillifonu. 

Bryology: that part of botany which relates to Mosses. 

Bud: a branch in its earliest or undeveloped state. 

Bulb: a leaf-bud with fleshy scales, usually subterranean. 

Bulbiferous : bearing or producing bulbs. 

/> it loose or bulbous : bulb-like in shape, etc. 

Bulblets: small bulbs, born above ground, as on the stems of the bulb- 
bearing Lily and on the fronds of Cistopteris bulbifera and some 
other Ferns. 

Bullate : appearing as if blistered or bladdery (from bulla, a bubble). 

Caducous: dropping off very early, compared with other parts; as the 
calyx in the Poppy Family, falling when the flower opens. 

Cczspitose, or Cespitose : growing in turfdike patches or tufts, like most 
sedges, etc. 

Calcarate ; furnished with a spur (calcar), as the flower of Larkspur and 
Violet. 

Calceolate or Calcei [form : slipper- shaped, like one petal of the Lady's 
Slipper. 

Callosc : hardened ; or furnished with callosities or thickened spots. 

Calycine: belonging to the calyx. 

Caly culate : furnished with an outer accessory calyx [calyculus) or set of 
bracts looking like a calyx, as in true Pinks. 

Calyptra : the hood or veil of the capsule of a Moss. 

Calyptriform : shaped like a calyptra or candle-extinguisher. 

Calyx : the outer set of the floral envelopes or leaves of the flower. 

( 'ampanulate : bell-shaped. 

Campylotropous or Campylotropal : curved ovules and seeds of a particu- 
lar sort. 

Catnpylospermous : applied to fruits of Umbelliferae when the seed is 
curved in at the edges, forming a groove down the inner face ; as in 
Sweet Cicely. 

Canaliculate : channeled, or with a deep longitudinal groove. 

Cancel late : latticed, resembling lattice-work. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 215 

Cane scent : grayish-white ; hoary, usually because the surface is covered 

with fine white hairs. Incanous is whiter still. 
Capillaceous, Capillary : hair-like in shape ; as fine as hair or slender 

bristles. 
Capitate : having a globular apex, like the head of a pin ; as the stigma 

of Cherry ; or forming a head like the flower-cluster of Button-bush. 
Capitellate : diminutive of capitate. 
Capita hi in (a little head): a close rounded dense cluster or head of sessile 

flowers. 
Capreolate : bearing tendrils (from capreolus, a tendril). 
Capsule : a pod ; any dry dehiscent seed-vessel. 
Capsular : relating to, or like a capsule. 
Carina : a keel ; the two anterior petals of a papilionaceous flower, 

which are combined to form a body shaped somewhat like the keel 

(or rather the prow) of a vessel. 
Carinate : keeled; furnished with a sharp ridge or projection on the 

lower side. 
Cariopsis, or Caryopsis : the one-seeded fruit or grain of Grasses, etc. 
Carneous : flesh-colored; pale red. 
Carnose : fleshy in texture. 
Carpel, or carpidiuiu : a simple pistil, or one of the parts or leaves of 

which a compound pistil is composed. 
Carpellary : pertaining to a carpel. 

Catpology : that department of Botany which relates to fruits. 
Carpophore : the stalk or support of a fruit or pistil within the flower. 
Cartilaginous, or Cartilagineous : firm and tough like cartilage in 

texture. 
Caruncle : an excrescence at the scar of some seeds ; as those of Polygala. 
Carunculale : furnished with a caruncle. 
Caryophyllaceous : pink-like : applied to a corolla of five long-clawed 

petals. 
Catkin : a scaly, deciduous spike of flowers, an ament. 
Caudate : tailed or tail-pointed. 

Caudex : a sort of trunk, such as that of Palms ; an upright rootstock. 
Caulescent : having an obvious stem. 
Canticle : a little stem or rudimentary stem. 
Catiline: of or belonging to a stem (caulis, in Latin). 
Cell (diminutive Cellule) ; the cavity of an anther, ovary, etc ; one of 

the elements or vesicles of which plants are composed. 
Centrifugal (inflorescence) : produced or expanding in succession from 

the center outwards. The radicle is centrifugal, when it points away 

from the center of the fruit. 
Centripetal : the opposite of centrifugal. 
Ceteal : belonging to corn, or corn-plants. 



2i6 EUCAL YPTUS. 

Cernuous : nodding ; the summit more or less inclining. 
Chaff: small membraneous scales or bracts on the receptacle of Com- 
posite ; the glumes, etc., of Grasses. 
Chaffy: furnished with chaff, or of the texture of chaff. 
Chalaza : that part of the ovule where all the parts grow together. 
Channelled : hollowed out like a gutter ; same as canalicolate. 
Character : a phrase expressing the essential marks of a species, genus, 

etc., which distinguish it from all others. 
Chartaceous : of the texture of paper or parchment. 
Chlorophyll : the green grains in the cells of the leaf, and of other parts 

exposed to the light, which give to herbage its green color. 
Chrotnule : coloring matter in plants, especially when not green, or 

when liquid. 
Cicatrix : the scar left by the fall of a leaf or other organ. 
Ciliate : beset on the margin with a fringe of cilia, i. e. of hairs or 

bristles, like the eyelashes fringing the eyelids, whence the name. 
Cinereous, or Cineraceous : ash-grayish ; of the color of ashes. 
Circinate : rolled inwards from the top, like a crosier, as the shoots of 

Ferns ; the flower-clusters of Heliotrope, etc. 
Circumscissile, or Circumcissiie : divided by a circular line round the 

sides, as the pods of Purslane, Plantain, etc. 
Circumso iptioti : the general outline of a thing. 

Cirrhi/erous, or Cirrhose : furnished with a tendril (Latin, cirrhus) ; as 
the Grape vine. Cirrhose also means resembling or coiling like 
tendrils, as the leaf-stalks of Virgin 's-bower. 
Clathrate : latticed ; same as cancellate. 

Clavate : club-shaped ; slender below and thickened upwards. 
Claw : the narrow or stalk-like base of some petals, as of Pinks. 
Climbing : rising by clinging to other objects. 
Club-shaped : see clavate. 

Clustered : leaves, flowers, etc. aggregated or collected into a bunch. 
C/ypeate : buckle-shaped. 
Coadunate : same as connate: i. e. united. 
Coalesccnt : growing together. 
Coarctate : contracted or brought close together. 

Cobwebby : same as arachnoid ; bearing hairs like cobwebs or gossamer. 
Coccus (plural cocci) : ancientlv a berrv ; now mostly used to denote the 
carpels of a dry fruit which are separable from each other, as of 
.Euphorbia. 
Cochleariform : spoon-shaped. 
Cochlea! : coiled, or shaped like a snail-shell. 

Ca'/ospei nious : applies to those fruits of Umbelliferte which have the 
seed hollowed on the inner face, by the curving inwards of the top 
and bottom, as in Coriander. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 217 

Cohetent in Botany is usually the same as connate. 

Collum or Collar: the neck or. line of junction between the stem and 

the root. 
Columella : the axis to which the carpels of a compound pistil are often 

attached, as in Geranium, or which is left when a pod opens, as in 

Azalea and Rhododendron. 
Column : the united stamens, as in Mallow, or the stamens and pistils 

united into one body, as in the Orchis family. 
Columnar : shaped like a column or pillar. 
Coma : a tuft of any sort (literally, a head of hair). 
Cornose : tufted ; bearing a tuft of hairs, as the seeds of Milkweed. 
Commissure: the line of junction of two carpels, as in the fruit of 

Umbelliferse, such as parsnip, Caraway, etc. 
Common: used as "general, " in contradistinction to "partial"; e. g. 

"common involucre." 
Complanale . flattened. 
Complicate : folded upon itself. 
Compressed : flattened on two opposite sides. 
Condi/plicate : folded upon itself lengthwise, as the leaves of Magnolia 

in the bud. 
Cone: the fruit of the Pine family. 
Confluent : blended together ; or the same as coherent. 
Conformed : similar to another thing it is associated with or compared 

to ; or closely fitted to it, as the skin to the kernel of a seed. 
Congested ', Conglomerate : crowded together. 
Conjugate : coupled ; in single pairs. 
Connate : united or grown together from the first. 

Connective, Connectivum : the part of the anther connecting its two cells. 
Connivent: converging, or brought close together. 
Continuous : the reverse of interrupted or articulated. 
Contorted: twisted together. Contorted cestivation : same as convolute. 
Con tort u pa cat e : twisted back upon itself. 
Contracted : either narrowed or shortened. 
Contrary : turned in an opposite direction to another organ or part with 

which it is compared. 
Convolute: rolled up lengthwise, as the leaves of the Plum in vernation. 

In aestivation, same as contorted. 
Cordate: heart-shaped. 

Coriaceous : resembling leather in texture. 
Corky: of the texture of cork. 
Conn, Cormus : a solid bulb, like that of Crocus. 
Corneous : of the consistence or appearance of horn, as the albumen of 

the seed of the Date, Coffee, etc. 
Comiculate : furnished with a small horn or spur. 



2i8 EUCAL YPTUS. 

Cornute : horned ; bearing a horn-like projection or appendage. 

Corolla : the leaves of the flower within the calyx. 

Corollaccous, Corolline : like or belonging to a corolla. 

Corona : a coronet or crown ; an appendage at the top of the claw of 

some petals, as Silene and Soapwort, or of the tube of the corolla of 

Hound 's-Tongue, etc. 
Coronate: crowned; furnished with a crown. 
Cortical : belonging to the bark {cortex, ,) 
Corymb : a sort of flat or convex flower-cluster. 
Corymbose: approaching the form of a corymb, or branched in that way ; 

arranged in corymbs. 
Costa: a rib ; the midrib of a leaf, etc. Costate : ribbed. 
Cotyledons : the first leaves of the embryo. 
Crater if orm : goblet-shaped; broadly cup-shaped. 
Creeping (stems) : growing flat on or beneath the ground and rooting. 
Cremocarp : a half-fruit, or one of the two carpels of Umbelliferae. 
Crenate, or Crenel led : the edge scalloped into rounded teeth. 
Crested, or Cristate : bearing any elevated appendage like a crest. 
Cribrose : pierced like a sieve with small apertures. 
Crinite : bearded with long hairs, etc. 
Crown : see corona. 

Crowning : borne on the apex of anything. 
Cruciate, or Cruciform : cross-shaped, as the four spreading petals of the 

Mustard, and all the flowers of that family. 
Crustaceous : hard, and brittle in texture ; crust -like. 
Crytogamous, or Cryptogam ic : relating to Crytogamia. 
Cucullate : hooded, or hood-shaped, rolled up like a cornet of paper, or 

a hood (cucullus), as the spathe of Indian Turnip. 
Culm : a straw ; the stem of Grasses and Sedges. 
Cuneate, Cuneiform : wedge-shaped. 
Cup-shaped : same as cyathiform, or near it. 
Cupule : a little cup ; the cup to the acorn of the Oak. 
Cupulate : provided with a cupule. 
Cuspidate : tipped with a sharp and stiff point. 
Cut: same as incised, or applied generally to any sharp and deep 

division. 
Cuticle : the skin of plants, or more strictly its external pellicle. 
Cyathiform : in the shape of a cup, or particularly of a wine-glass. 
Cycle : one complete turn of a spire, or a circle. 
Cyclical : rolled up circularly, or coiled into a complete circle. 
Cyclosis : the circulation in closed cells. 
Cylindraceous : approaching to the 
Cylindrical form ; as that of stems, etc., which are round, and gradually 

if at all tapering. 



EUCALYPTUS. 219 

Cymbceform, or Cymbiform : same as boat-shaped. 
Cyme: a cluster of centrifugal inflorescence. 
Cymose : furnished with cymes, or like a cyme. 

Deca- (in composition of words of Greek derivation) : ten ; as 

Decagynous : with 10 pistils or styles. Decandrous: with 10 stamens. 

Deciduous: falling off, or subject to fall, said of leaves which fall in 
autumn, and of a calyx and corolla which fall before the fruit forms. 

Declined : turned to one side, or downwards, as the stamens of Azalea 
nudiflora. 

Decompound : several times compounded or divided. 

Decumbent : reclined on the ground, the summit tending to rise. 

Decurrent (leaves) : prolonged on the stem beneath the insertion, as in 
Thistles. 

Decussate : arranged in pairs which successively cross each other. 

Definite : when of a uniform number, and not above twelve or so. 

De flexed: bent downwards. 

Deflorate : past the flowering state, as an anther after it has discharged 
its pollen. 

Dehiscence : the mode in which an anther or a pod regularly bursts or 
splits open. 

Dehiscent : opening by regular dehiscence. 

Deliquescent : branching off so that the stem is lost in the branches. 

Deltoid : of a triangular shape. 

Demersed : growing below the surface of water. 

Dendroid, Dendritic : tree-like in form or appearance. 

Dentate : toothed (from the Latin dens, a tooth.) 

Denticulate : furnished with denticulations, or very small teeth : dimin- 
utive of the last. 

Depauperate : impoverished or starved. 

Depressed : flattened, or as if pressed down from above; flattened verti- 
cally. 

Descending: tending gradually downwards. 

Dextrose: turned to the right hand. 

Di- (in Greek compounds): two as 

Diadelphous (stamens): united by their filaments in two sets. 

Diandrous: having two stamens. 

Diagnosis: a short distinguishing character, or descriptive phrase. 

Diaphanous: transparent or translucent. 

Dich/aiuydeons (flower): having both calyx and corolla. 

Dichotomons: two-forked. 

Diclinous: having the stamens in one flower, the pistils in another. 

Dicoccous (fruit): splitting into two cocci or closed carpels. 

Dicotyledonous (embryo) : having a pair of cotyledons. 



Z20 EUCAL YPTUS. 

Didytnous: twin. 

Didynatnous (statnens); having four stamens in two pairs, one pair shorter 
than the other. 

Diffuse: spreading widely and irregularly. 

Digitate (fingered): where the leaflets of a compound leaf are all borne 
on the apex of the petiole. 

Digyiious (flowei): having two pistils or styles. 

Dimerous: made up of two parts, or its organs in twos. 

Dimidiate: halved; or where a leaf or leaflet has only one side devel- 
oped, or a stamen has only one lobe or cell. 

Dimorphous: of two forms. 

Dioecious or Dioicous: where the stamens and pistils are in separate flow- 
ers on different plants. 

Dipetalous: of two petals. Diphyllous : two-leaved. Dipterous : two- 
winged. 

Disciform or Disk-shaped: flat and circular, like a disk or quoit, 

Disk: the face of any flat body; the central part of a head of flowers, 
like the Sunflower, or Coreopsis, as opposed to the ray or margin ; a 
fleshy expansion of the receptacle of a flower. 

Dissected: cut deeply into many lobes or divisions. 

Dissepiments: the partitions of an ovary or a fruit. 

Distichous: two-ranked. 

Distinct : uncombined with each other. 

Divaricate : straddling ; very widely divergent. 

Divided (leaves, etc.) : cut into divisions extending about to the base or 
the mid rib. 

Dodeca- (in Greek compounds): twelve; as 

Dodecagynous : with twelve pistils or styles. 

/lodecandrous : with twelve stamens. 

Dolabriform : axe-shaped. 

Dorsal : pertaining to the back {dorsum) of an organ. 

Double Flowers, so called : where the petals are multiplied unduly. 

Downy: clothed with a coat of soft and short hairs. 

Drupe: a stone-fruit. 

Drupaceous : like or pertaining to a drupe. 

Ducts : the so-called vessels of plants. 

Dutnose : bushy, or relating to bushes. 

Duramen : the heart- wood. 

Dwarf : remarkably low in stature. 

/:"-, or Ex-, at the beginning of compound words, means destitute of; 
as ecostale, without a rib or midrib; exalbuminous, without albu- 
men, etc. 

Eared : see auricu/ate. 

Ebracteate : destitute of bracts. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 221 

Echinate : armed with prickles (like a hedgehog). Echinulate : a dim 

inutive of it. 
Edentate : toothless 
Effete: past bearing, etc.; said of anthers which have discharged their 

pollen. 
Eglandulose : destitute of glands 

/Cld fees: threads mixed with the spores of Liverworts. 
Ellipsoidal : approaching an elliptical figure. 
Elliptical : oval or oblong, with the ends regularly rounded. 
Emarginale: notched at the summit. 

Embryo : the rudimentary undeveloped plantlet in a seed. 
Emersed : raised out of water. 

Endecagynous : with eleven pistils or styles. Endecandrous ; with eleven 

stamens. 
Endocarp : the inner layer of a pericarp or fruit 
Endochrotne : the coloring matter of Algae and the like. 
Endosperm : another name for the albumen of a seed. 
Endostome : the orifice in the inner coat of an ovule. 
Ennea- : nine. Enneagynous : with nine petals or styles 
Enneandrous : with nine stamens. 
Ensiform : sword-shaped; as the leaves of Iris. 

Entire : the margins not at all toothed, notched, or divided, but even. 
Ephemeral : lasting for a day or less, as the corolla of Purslane, etc. 
/:/>/-, in composition upon: as 
Epicarp : the outermost layer of a fruit. 

Epidermal : relating to the Epidermis, or the skin of a plant. 
Epig/cous : growing on the earth or close to the ground. 
Epigynons : upon the ovary. 
Epipetalons : borne on the petals or the corolla. 
Epiphyllous : borne on a leaf. 

Epiphyte : a plant growing on another plant, but not nourished bv it. 
Epiphytic or Epiphytal : relating to Epiphytes. 
Episperm : the skin or coat of a seed, especially the outer coat. 
Equal : same as regular ; or of the same number or length, as the case 

may be of the body it is compared with. 
Equally pinnate : same as abruptly pinnate. 
Equitant (riding straddle). 
Etose : eroded, as if gnawed. 
Erostrate : not beaked. 
Estivation: see Aestivation. 

Etiolated : blanched by excluding the light, as the stalks of Celery. 
Evergreen : holding the leaves over winter and until new ones appear, or 

longer. 
Exalbuminous (seed) : destitute of albumen. 



222 EUCAL YPTUS. 

Excurrent : running out, as when a midrib projects beyond the apex of 

a leaf, or a trunk is continued to the very top of a tree. 
Exostone : the orifice in the outer coat of the ovule. 
Explanate : spread or flattened out. 
Exserted: protruding out of. 
Exstipulate : destitute of stipules. 

Extra-axillary : said of a branch or bud a little out of the axil. 
Extrorse : turned outwards ; the anther is extrorse when fastened to the 

filanient on the side next the pistil, and opening on the outer side. 
Falcate : scythe shaped ; a flat body curved, its edges parallel. 
Farinaceous: mealy in texture. Farinose: covered with a mealy powder. 
Fasciate : banded ; also applied to monstrous stems which grow flat. 
Fascicle : a close cluster. 

Fascicled, Fasciculated : growing in a bundle or tuft. 
Fastigiate : close, parallel, and upright, as the branches of Lombardy 

Poplar. 
Faux, (plural ,/auces) : the throat of a calyx, corolla, etc. 
Faveolate, Favose : honeycombed ; same as alveolate. 
Feather-veined : where the veins of a leaf spring from along the sides of 

a mid rib. 
Female (flowers) : with pistils and no stamens. 
Fenestrate : pierced with one or more large holes, like windows. 
Ferrugineous, or Ferruginous: resembling iron rust ; red-grayish. 
Fertile: fruit-bearing, or capable of producing fruit ; also said of anthers 

when they produce good pollen. 
Fertilization : the process by which pollen causes the embryo to be 

formed. 
Fibre, Fibrous : containing much fibre, or composed of fibres. 
Fibrillose : composed of small fibres. 
Fiddle-shaped: obovate with a deep recess on each side. 
Filament : the stalk of a stamen ; also any slender thread-shaped 

appendage. 
Filamentose, or Filamentous : bearing or formed of slender threads. 
Fill form ; thread-shaped ; long slender and cylindrical. 
Fimbtiate : fringed ; furnished with fringes (Jimbrice). 
Fistular or fistulose : hollow and cylindrical, as the leaves of the Onion. 
Flahclliform or Flahcllate : fan-shaped ; broad, rounded at the summit, 

and narrow at the base. 
Flagellate, or Flagelliform : long, narrow and flexible, like the thong of 

a whip or like the runners (tlagellce) of the Strawberry. 
Flavescent : yellowish, or turning yellow. 
Fleshy : composed of firm pulp or flesh. 

Flexuose, or F/e.vuous : bending gently in opposite directions, in a zig- 
zag way. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 223 

Floating : swimming on the surface of water. 

Floccose : composed, or bearing tufts-, of wool)' or long and soft hairs. 

Flora (the goddess of flowers) : the plants of a country or district taken 

together, or a work systematically describing them. 
Floral: relating to the blossom. 
Floral Envelopes : the leaves of the flower. 
Floret : a diminutive flower ; one of the flowers of a head (or of the 

so-called compound flower) of Compositae. 
Flower : the whole organs of reproduction of Phaenogamous plants. 
Flozver-bud : an unopened flower. 

Foliaceous : belonging to, or of the texture or nature of a leaf {folium). 
Foliose : leafy; abounding in leaves. 
Foliolate : relating to or bearing leaflets (fo/iola). 
Follicle : a simple pod, opening down the inner suture. 
Follicular : resembling or belonging to a follicle. 
Foramen : a hole or orifice, as that of the ovule. 

Fornix : little arched scales in the throat of some corollas, as of Comfrey. 
Fornicate : over-arched or arching over. 
Foveate : deeply pitted. Foveolate : diminutive of foveate. 
Free : not united with any other parts of a different sort. 
Fringed : the margin beset with slender appendages, bristles, etc. 
Frond : what answers to leaves in Ferns ; the stem and leaves fused into 

one body, as in Duckweed and many Liverworts, etc. 
Frondescence : the bursting into leaf. 

Frondose : frond-bearing ; like a frond ; or sometimes used for leafy. 
Fructification : the state of fruiting. 

Fruit: the matured ovary and all it contains or is connected with. 
Frutescent : somewhat shrubby ; becoming a shrub {frutex). 
Fruiticulose : like a small shrub. Fruiticose ; shrubby. 
Fugacious : soon falling off or perishing. 
Fulvous : tawny; dull yellow with gray. 
Funiculus : the stalk of a seed or ovule. 
Funnel-form, or Funnel-shaped: expanding gradually upwards, like a 

funnel or tunnel. 
Furcate: forked. 

Furfuraceous : covered with bran-like fine scurf. 
Furrozved : marked by longitudinal channels or grooves. 
Fuscous: deep gray-brown. 
Fusiform : spindle-shaped. 

Caleate : shaped like a helmet {galea). 

Gamopetalous : of united petals; same as monopetalous, and a better 
word. 

Gamophyllous : formed of united leaves. Gamosepalous : formed of 
united sepals. 



22 4 EUCAL YPTUS. 

Geminate : twin; in pairs; as the flowers of Linnsea. 
(7 on ma : a bud. 

Gemmation : the state of budding, or the arrangement of parts in the bud. 
Gem mule : a small bud; the buds of Mosses the plumule. 
Geniculate : bent abruptly, like a knee (genu), as many stems. 
Genus: a kind; a rank above species. 

Geographical Botany: the study of plants in their geographical relations. 
Germ: a growing point; a young bud; sometimes the same as embryo. 
Germen : the old name for ovary. 

Germination: the development of a plantlet from the seed. 
(ribbons : more tumid at one place or on one side than the other. 
Glabrate: becoming glabrous with age, or almost glabrous. 
Glabrous : smooth, i e.. having no hairs, bristles, or other pubescence. 
Gladiate : sword-shaped. 

Glands : small cellular organs which secrete oily or aromatic or other 
products; they are sometimes sunk in the leaves or rind, as in the 
Orange, Prickly Ash, etc.; sometimes on the surface as small projec- 
tions; sometimes raised on hairs or bristles (glandular hairs, etc.), 
as in the Sweetbrier and Sundew. The name is also given to any 
small swellings, etc., whether they secrete anything or not. 
Glandular, Glandulose : furnished with glands, or gland-like. 
Glans (Gland): the acorn or mast of Oak and similar fruits. 
Glaucescent: slightly glaucous, or bluish-gray. 
Glaucous : covered with a bloom, viz., with a fine white powder that rubs 

off, like that on a fresh plum, or a cabbage leaf. 
Globose : spherical in form, or nearly so. Globular: nearly globose. 
Glochidiatc (hairs or bristles): barbed; tipped with barbs, or with a 

double hooked point. 
Glomerate : closely aggregated into a dense cluster. 
Glomerule : a dense head-like cluster. 

Glossology: the department of Botany in which technical terms are ex- 
plained. 
Glumaceous: glume-like, or glume-bearing. 

Glume : Glumes are the husks or floral coverings of Grasses, or, partic- 
ularly, the outer husks or bracts of each spikelet. 
Glumelles : the inner husks, or palete, of Grasses. 
Gluten : a vegetable product containing nitrogen. 
Granular : composed of grains. Granule: a small grain. 
Grumous or Grumose: formed of coarse clustered grains. 
Gut/ate : spotted, as if by drops of something colored. 
Gytnnocarpous : naked-fruited. 
Gymnospermous : naked-seeded. 

Gynandrous : with stamens borne on, i. e., united with, the pistil. 
Gyneecium : a name for the pistils of a flower taken altogether. 



EUCALYPTUS. 225 

Gynobase : a particular receptacle or support of the pistils, or of the car- 
pels of a compound ovary, as in Geranium. 
Gynophore : a stalk raising a pistil above the stamens. 
Gyrate : coiled in a circle; same as circinate. 
Gyrose : strongly bent to and fro. 



Habit : the general aspect of a plant, or its mode of growth. 

Habitat: the situation in which a plant grows in a wild state. 

Hairs : hair-like projections or appendages of the surface of plants. 

Hairy : beset with hairs, especially longish one. 

Halberd-shaped ', or Halberd-headed : see hastate. 

Halved : when appearing as if one-half of the body were cut away. 

Hamate, or Hamose : hooked; the end of a slender bod)' beut round. 

Ha um lose : bearing a small hook; a diminutive of the last. 

Hastate, Hastile : shaped like a Halberd; furnished with a spreading 

lobe on each side at the base. 
Heart-shaped : of the shape of a heart as commonly painted. 
Heart-wood: the older or matured wood of exogenous trees. 
Helicoid : coiled like a helix or snail-shell. 
Helmet : the upper sepal of Monkshood in this shape. 
Hemi- (in compounds from the Greek): half; e g. Hemispherical, etc. 
Hemicarp : half-fruit, or one carpel of an Umbelliferous plant. 
Hemitropous or hemitropal: (ovular seed) nearly same as amphitropous. 
Hepta (in words of Greek origin): seven, as 
Heptagynous : with seven pistils or styles. 

Heptamerous : its parts in sevens. Heptandrous : having seven stamens. 
Herbaceous : of the texture of common herbage; not woody. 
Herbarium : the botanist's arranged collection of dried plants. 
Hermaphrodite tflower): having both stamens and pistils in the same 

blossom; same as /><"/;/< r/. 
Heterocarpous : bearing fruit of two sorts or shapes, as in Amphicarpaea. 
Heterogamous : bearing two or more sorts of flowers as to their stamens 

and pistils; as in Aster, Daisy, and Coreopsis. 
Heteromorphous : of two or more shapes. 

Heterotropous, or Heterotropal (ovule): the same as amphitropous. 
Hexa- (in Greek compounds): six; as 

Hexagonal : six-angled. Hexagynous : with six pistils or styles. 
Hexamerous : its parts in sixes. Hexandrous: with six stamens. 
Hexapterous : six-winged. 
Hilar : belonging to the hilum. 

Hilum : the scar of the seed; its place of attachment. 
Hippoerepiform : horseshoe-shaped. 
Hirsute: hairy with stiffish or beard-like hairs. 

Hispid : bristly; beset with stiff hairs. Hispidulous is a diminutive of it. 
15 



226 EUCALYPTUS. 

Hoary: grayish- white; see canescent, etc. 

ffomogamous : a head or cluster with flowers all of one kind, as in Eupa- 

torium. 
Homogeneous: uniform in nature; all of one kind. 
Homomallous (leaves, etc.): originating all round a stem, but all bent or 

curved round to one side. 
Homomorphoas : all of one shape. 
Homotropous or Homotropal (embryo) : curved with the seed; curved 

one way. 
Hood: same as helmet or galea. Hooded: hood-shaped, see cucullate. 
Hooked : same as hamate. 

Horn : a spur or some similar appendage. Horny: of the texture of horn. 
Hortus Siccus : an herbarium, or collection of dried plants. 
Humi/use: spread over the surface of the ground. 
Hyaline : transparent, or partly so. 
Hybrid : a cross- breed between two allied species. 
Hypocrateriform : salver-shaped. 
Hypogosan : produced under ground. 
Hypogynous : inserted under the pistil. 

Icosandrous : having 12 or more stamens inserted on the calyx. 

Imbricate, Imbricated, Imbricative : overlapping one another, like tiles 
or shingles on a roof, as the scales of the involucre of Zinnia, etc., or 
the bud-scales of Horsechestnut and Hickory. In aestivation, where 
some leaves of the calyx or corolla are overlapped on both sides by 
others. 

Immarginate : destitute of a rim or a border. 

Immersed : growing wholly under water. 

Impari-pinnate : pinnate with a single leaflet at the apex. 

Imperfect flowers : wanting either stamens or pistils. 

Incequilateral : unequal-sided, as the leaf of a Begonia. 

Incanous : hoary with white pubescence. 

Incised : cut rather deeply and irregularly. 

Included: enclosed; when the part in question does not project beyond 
another. 

Incomplete Flozver: wanting calyx or corolla. 

Incrassated : thickened. 

Incumbent : leaning or resting upon: the cotyledons are incumbent when 
the back of one of them lies against the radicle; the anthers are in- 
cumbent when turned or looking inwards. 

Incurved : gradually curving inwards. 

Indefinite : not uniform in number, or too numerous to mention. 

Indehiscent : not splitting open ; i. e. not dehiscent. 

Indigenous : native to the country. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 227 

Jnduplicate : with the edges turned inwards. 

Indusium : the shield or covering of a fruit-dot of a Fern. 

Inferior: growing below some other organ. 

Inflated : turgid and bladdery. 

Inflexed : bent inwards. 

Inflorescence : the arrangement of flowers on the stem. 

Infra-axillary : situated beneath the axil. 

Infundibuliform or Infundibular : funnel-shaped. 

Innate (anther) : attached by its base to the very apex of the filament. 

Innovation : in incomplete young shoot, especially in Mosses. 

Insertion : the place or the mode of attachment of an organ to its sup- 
port. 

Intemode : the part of a stem between two nodes. 

Interruptedly pinnate : pinnate with small leaflets intermixed with larger 
ones, as in Water Avens. 

Intrafoliaceous (stipules, etc.); placed between the leaf or petiole and 
the stem 

Introrse : turned or facing inwards, i. e. towards the axis of the flower. 

Inverse or Inverted : where the apex is in the direction opposite to that 
of the organ it is compared with. 

Involucel : a partial or small involucre. 

Involucellate : furnished with an involucel. 

Invot 'iterate : furnished with an involucre. 

Involucre : a whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel, or head. 

Involute, in vernation: rolled inwards from the edges. 

Jointed : separate or separable at one or more places into pieces. 

.Keel: a projecting ridge on a surface, like the keel of a boat; the two 

anterior petals of a papilionaceous corolla. 
Keeled : furnished with a keel or sharp longitudinal ridge. 
Kidney-shaped : resembling the outline of a kidney. 

Labelliun : the odd petal in the Orchis Family. 

Labiate : same as bilabiate or two-lipped. 

Laciniate : slashed; cut into deep narrow lobes (called laciiue). 

Lactescent : producing milky juice, as does the Milkweed, etc. 

Lacunose : full of holes or gaps. 

Lcevigate : smooth as if polished. 

Lamellar ox Lamellate : consisting of flat plates {lame/he). 

Lamina : a plate or blade: the blade of a leaf, etc. 

Lanate : woolly; clothed with long and soft entangled hairs. 

Lanceolate: lance-shaped. 

Lanuginous : cottony or woolly. 

Latent buds ; concealed or undeveloped buds. 



228 EUCAL YPTUS. 

Lateral: belonging to the side. 

Latex : the milkyjuice, etc., of plants. 

Lax: loose in texture, or sparse ; the opposite of crowded. 

Leaflet : one of the divisions or blades of a compound leaf. 

Leaf-like : same asfoliaceous. 

Leathery : of about the consistence of leather; coriaceous. 

Legume : a simple pod, dehiscent into two pieces, like that of the Pea! 
the fruit cf the Pea Family (Leguminosce), of whatever shape. 

Leguminous: belonging to legumes, or the Leguminous Family. 

Lenticular: lens-shaped; i. e. flattish and convex on both sides. 

Lepidote : leprous; covered with scurfy scales 

Liber : the inner, fibrous bark of Exogenous plants. 

Ligneous, or Lignose : woody in texture. 

Ligulate : furnished with a ligule. 

Ligule : the strap-shaped corolla in many ComposiUe, the little mem- 
branous appendage at the summit of the leaf-sheaths of most Grasses. 

Limb : the blade of a leaf, petal, etc. 

Linear: narrow and flat, the margins parallel. 

Li urate: marked with parallel lines. Lineolate : marked with minute 
lines. 

Lingulate, Linguiform: tongue-shaped. 

Lip : the principal lobes of a bilabiate corolla or calyx; the odd and 
peculiar petal in the Orchis Family. 

Lobe : any projection or division (especially a rounded one) of a leaf, etc. 

Locellus (plural toeelli): a small cell, or compartment of a cell, of an 
ovary or anther. 

Locular: relating to the cell or compartment (locitlus) of an ovary, etc. 

Loculicidal (dehiscence): splitting down through the middle of the back 
of each cell. 

Locusta: a name for the spikelet of Grasses. 

Lament : a pod which separates transversely into joints. 

Lomentaeeous : pertaining to or resembling a loment. 

Lorate : thong-shaped. 

Lunate: crescent-shaped. Lunulate : diminutive of lunate. 

Lyrate : lyre-shaped; a pinuatifid leaf of an obovate or spatulate out- 
line, the end-lobe large and roundish, and the lower lobes small, as 
in Winter-Cress and Radish. 



Mace: the aril of the Nutmeg. 

Maculate : spotted or blotched. 

Male (flowers): having stamens but no pistils. 

Mammo.se : breast-shaped. 

Marcescent: withering without falling off. 

Marginal : belonging to the edge or margin. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 229 

Marginate : margined, with an edge different from the rest. 

Masked : see personate. 

Median : belonging to the middle. 

Medullary : belonging to, or ot the nature of pith (medulla); pithy. 

Medullary Rays : the silver-grain of wood. 

Medullary Sheath : a set of ducts just around the pith. 

Membranaceous or Membranous : of the texture of membrane; thin and 
more or less translucent. 

Men is co id : crescent-shaped. 

Meiicarp : one carpel of the fruit of an Umbelliferous plant. 

Merismatic : separating into parts by the formation of partitions within. 

Mesocarp : the middle part of a pericarp, when that is distinguish- 
able into three layers. 

Mesophlceum : the middle or green bark. 

Micropyle : the closed orifice of the seed. 

Midrib : the middle or main rib of a leaf. 

Miniate : vermilion-colored. 

Mitriform : mitre-shaped; in the form of a peaked cap. 

Monadelphous : stamens united by their filaments into one set. 

Monandrous (flower): having only one stamen. 

Moniliform : necklace-shaped ; a cylindrical body contracted at intervals. 

Monochlamydeous : having only one floral envelope, i. e. calyx, but no 
corolla, as anemone. 

Monocotyledonous (embryo): with only one cotyledon. 

Monoecious, or Monoicous (flower): having stamens or pistils only. 

Monogynous (flower): having only one pistil, or one style. 

Monopetalous (flower): with the corolla of one piece. 

Monophyllous : one-leaved, or of one piece. 

Monosepalous : a calyx of one piece; i. e., with the sepals united into 
one body. 

Monospermous : one-seeded. 

Monstrosity : an unnatural deviation from the usual structure or form. 

Morphology: the department of botany which treats of the forms which 

an organ (say a leaf) may assume. 
Mucronate : tipped with an abrupt short point (mucro). 
Mucronulate : tipped with a minute abrupt point; a diminutive of the 

last. 
Multi-, in composition: many; as 

Multangular: many-angled. Multicipital : many-headed, etc. 
A u/tifai ions : in many rows or ranks. J/ultiJid : many-cleft. 
Multilocular: many-celled. Multiserial: in many rows. 
Muricate : beset with short and hard points. 
Muriform : wall-like; resembling courses of bricks in a wall. 
Muscology : the part of descriptive botany which treats of Mosses (i. e. 

Musci). 



2jo EUCALYPTUS. 

Muticous : pointless; beardless; unarmed. 

Mycelium: the spawn of Fungi; i. e. the filaments from which Mush- 
rooms, etc., originate. 

Napiform : turnip-shaped. 

Naturalized : introduced from a foreign country, but growing perfectly 
wild and propagating freely by seed. 

Navicular: boat-shaped, like the glumes of most Grasses. 

Necklace-shaped < looking like a string of beads; see monilifortn. 

Nectar: the honey, etc., secreted by glands, or by any part of the corolla. 

Nectariferous: honey-bearing; or having a nectary. 

Nectary: the old name for petals and other parts of the flower when of 
unusual shape, especially when honey-bearing. So the hollow spur- 
shaped petals of Columbine were called nectaries. 

Needle-shaped: long, slender, and rigid, like the leaves of Pines. 

Nerve : a name for the ribs or veins of leaves, when simple and parallel. 

Nerved: furnished with nerves, or simple and parallel ribs or veins. 

Netted-veined : furnished with branching veins forming network. 

Nodding (in Latin form, Nutant): bending so that the summit hangs 
downward. 

Node: a knot; the "'joints" of a stem, or the part whence a leaf or a 
pair of leaves springs. 

Nodose: knotty or knobby. Nodulose: furnished with little knobs or 
knots. 

Normal : according to rule; the pattern or natural way according to 
some law. 

Notate : marked with spots or lines of a different color. 

Nucamentaceous : relating to or resembling a small nut. 

Nuciform : nut-shaped or nut-like. Nucule : a small nut. 

Nucleus : the kernel of an ovule of a cell. 

Nut : a hard, mostly one-seeded indehiscent fruit; as a chestnut, butter- 
nut, acorn. 

Nutlet: a little nut; or the stone of a drupe. 

Ob- (meaning over against): when prefixed to words, signifies inversion; as 

Obcoiiiprexst'd : flattened the opposite of the usual way. 

Obcordate : heart-shaped with the broad and notched end at the apex 
instead of the base. 

Oblanceolale : lance-shaped with the tapering point downwards. 

Oblique : applied to leaves, etc , means unequal-sided. 

Oblong : from two to four times as long as broad, and more or less ellip- 
tical in outline. 

Obovate : inversely ovate, the broad end upward. 

Obtuse: blunt, or round at the end. 

Obverse : same as inverse. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 231 

Obvolute (in the bud): when the margins of one leaf alternately overlap 

those of the opposite one. 
Ochreate : furnished with och 1 ece { boots) , or stipules in the form of sheaths. 
Ochroleucous : yellowish-white; dull cream-color. 
Octo-, eight, enters into the composition of 
Octagynous: with eight pistils or styles. 

Octamerous : its parts in eights. Octandrous : with eight stamens, etc. 
Offset : short branches next the ground which take root. 
One-ribbed, One-nerved, etc.: furnished with only a single rib, etc., etc. 
Opaque, applied to a surface, means dull, not shining. 
Oberculate : furnished with a lid or cover (operculum), as the capsules of 

Mosses. • 

Opposite : said of leaves and branches when on opposite sides of the stem 

from each other (i. e. in pairs). Stamens are opposite the petals, 

etc., when the}- stand before them. 
Orbicular, Orbiculate : circular in outline or nearly so. 
Organ : any member of the plant, as a leaf, a stamen, etc. 
Osseous: of a bony texture. 
Oval : broadly elliptical. 

Ovary : that part of the pistil containing the ovules or future seeds. 
Ovate : shaped like an egg with the broader end downwards, or, in plane 

surfaces, such as leaves, like the section of an egg lengthwise. 
Ovoid : ovate or oval in a solid form. 
Ovule : the body which is destined to become a seed. 

Palea (plural palea'): chaff; the inner husks of Grasses. 

Paleaceous : furnished with chaff, or chaffy in texture. 

Palmate : when leaflets or the divisions of a leaf all spread from the 

apex of the petiole, like the hand with the outspread fingers. 
Palmately (veined, lobed, etc.): in a palmate manner. 
Panduriform : fiddle-shaped (which see.) 

Panicle : an open cluster; like a raceme, but more or less compound. 
Panichd, Paniculate : arranged in panicles, or like a panicle. 
Papery : of about the consistence of letter-paper. 
Papilionaceous : butterfly-shaped; applied to such a corolla as that of the 

Pea and the Locust-tree. 
Papilla (plural papilUe) : little nipple-shaped protuberances. 
Papillate, Papillose : covered with papillae. 
Pappus: thistle-down. The down crowning theachenium of the Thistle, 

and other Compositae, represents the calyx ; so the scales, teeth, 

chaff, as well as bristles, or whatever takes the place of the calyx in 

this family, are called the pappus. 
Paraphyses : jointed filaments mixed with the antheridia of Mosses. 
Parenchyma: soft cellular tissue of plants, like the green pulp of leaves. 



2 3 2 EUCAL YPTUS. 

Parietal (placentae, etc.): attached to the walls (p-rietes) of the ovary or 
pericarp. 

Parted: separated or cleft into parts almost to the base. 

Partial involucre, same as an involucel ; partial petiole, a division of a 
main leaf stalk or the stalk of a leaflet; partial peduncle, a branch of 
a peduncle; partial umbel, an umbellet. 

Patent: spreading; open. Patulous: moderately spreading. 

Pauci-, in composition, few; as pauciflorous, few-flowered, etc. 

Pear-shaped : solid obovate, the shape of a pear. 

Pectinate : pinnatifid or pinnately divided into narrow and close divi- 
sions, like the teeth of a comb. 

Pedate : like a bird's foot; palmate or palmately cleft, with the side divi- 
sions again cleft, as in Viola pedata, etc. 

Pedately cleft, lobed, etc.: cut in a pedate way. 

Pedicel : the stalk of each particular flower of a cluster. 

Pedicellate, Pedicel led : furnished with a pedicel. 

Peduncle : a flower-stalk, whether of a single flower or of a flower- 
cluster. 

Peduncled, Pedunculate : furnished with a peduncle. 

Peltate : shield-shaped; said of a leaf, whatever its shape, when the pet- 
iole is attached to the lower side, somewhere within the margin. 

Pendent : hanging. Pendulous : somewhat hanging or drooping. 

Penicillate : tipped with a tuft of fine hairs, like a painter's pencil; as 
the stigmas of some Grasses. 

Penta- (in words of Greek composition): five; as 

Pentagynous : with five pistils or styles. 

Pentamerous : with its parts in fives, or on the plan of five. 

Pentandrous : having five stamens. Pentastichous : in five ranks. 

Pepo : a fruit like the Melon and Cucumber. 

Perennial : lasting from year to year. 

Perfect (flower): having both stamens and pistils. 

Perfoliate : passing through the leaf, in appearance. 

Perforate : pierced with holes, or with transparent dots resembling holes, 
as an Orange-leaf. 

Perzanth : the leaves of the flower generally, especially when we cannot 
readily distinguish them into calyx and corolla. 

Pericarp : the ripened ovary; the walls of the fruit. 

Pericarpic: belonging to the pericarp. 

Perichceth : the cluster of peculiar leaves at the base of the fruit-stalk of 
Mosses. 

Perichcrtial : belonging to the perichaeth. 

Perigonium, Peri^one : same as perianth. 

Perigynium : bodies around the pistil; applied to the closed cup or bot- 
tle-shaped body which encloses the ovary of Sedges, and to the bris- 
tles, little scales, etc., of the flowers of some other Cyperacese. 



E UCA L YPTUS. 2 33 

Perigynous : the petals and stamens borne on the calyx. 

Peripheric : around the outside, or periphery, of an organ. 

Perisperm : a name for the albumen of a seed. 

Peristome : the fringe of teeth, etc., around the orifice of the capsule of 
Mosses. 

Persistent : remaining beyond the period when such parts commonly 
fall, as the leaves of evergreens, and the calyx, etc., of such flowers 
as remain during the growth of the fruit. 

Personate : masked; a bilabiate corolla with a projection, or palate in 
the throat, as of the Snapdragon. 

Petal : a leaf of the corolla. 

Petaloid : petal-like; resembling or colored like petals. 

Petiole : a footstalk of a leaf. 

Petioled, Petiolate : furnished with a petiole. 

Petiolulate : said of a leaflet when raised on its own partial leafstalk. 

Phaznogamons, or Phanerogamous : plants bearing flowers and producing 
seeds; same as Flowering Plants. 

Phyllodium (plural phyllodia): a leaf where the blade is a dilated petiole, 
as in New Holland Acacias. 

Phyllotaxis, or Phyllotaxy : the arrangement of leaves on the stem. 

Phyton : a name used to designate the pieces which by their repetition 
make up a plant, theoretically, viz., a joint of stem with its leaf or 
pair of leaves. 

Piliferous: bearing a slender bristle or hair fpilum), or beset with hairs. 

Pilose: hairy; clothed with soft slender hairs. 

Pinna : a primary branch of the petiole of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf. 

Pinnule: a secondary branch of the petiole of a bipinnate or tripin- 
nate leaf. 

Pinnate (leaf): when the leaflets are arranged along the sides of a com- 
mon petiole. 

Pinnatifid : same as pinnately cleft. 

Pistil : the seed-bearing organ of the flower. 

Pistillidium : the body which in Mosses, Liverworts, etc., answers to the 
pistil. 

Pith : the cellular centre of an exogenous stem. 

Pitted: having small depressions or pits on the surface, as many seeds. 

Placenta : the surface or part of the ovary to which the ovules are 
attached. 

Plane: flat, outspread. 

Plumose : feathery; when any slender body (such as a bristle of a pap- 
pus) is beset with hairs along its sides, like the plumes or the beard 
on a feather. 

Plumule : the little bud or first shoot of a germinating plantlet above 
the cotyledons. 

Pluri-, in composition; many or several; as 



234 EUCALYPTUS. 

Plurifoliolatc : with several leaflets. 

Pod : specially a legume; also applied to any sort of capsule. 

Podosperm : the stalk of a seed. 

Pointless: destitute of any pointed tip, such as a mucro, awn, acuini- 

nation, etc. 
Pollen : the fertilizing powder of the anther. 
Pollen-mass : applied to the pollen when the grains all cohere into a 

mass, as in Milkweed and Orchis. 
Poly- (in compound words of Greek origin): same as multi- in those of 

Latin origin, viz., many; as 
Polyadelphous : having the stamens united by their filaments into sev- 
eral bundles. 
Polyan droits : with numerous (more than 20) stamens (inserted on the 

receptacle). 
Polycotyledonous : having many (more than two) cotyledons, as Pines. 
Polygamous : having some perfect and some separated flowers, on the 

same or on different individuals, as the Red Maple. 
Polygonal : many-angled. 
Polygynous : with many pistils or styles. 
Polymerons : formed of many parts of each set. 
Polymorphous : of several or varying forms. 
Polypetalous : when the petals are distinct or separate (whether few or 

many). 
Polvphvllous : many-leaved; formed of several distinct pieces, as the 

calyx of Sedum. 
Polysepalous : same as the last when applied to the calyx. 
Polyspermous : many-seeded. 
Pome : the apple, pear, and similar fleshy fruits. 
Porous : full of holes or pores. 

Pouch : the silicle or short pod, as of Shepherd's Purse. 
Prcefloration : same as crstivation . 
Pne foliation : same as vernation . 
Prccnwrse : ending abruptly, as if bitten off. 

Prickles : sharp elevations of the bark, coming off with it, as of the Rose. 
Prickly : bearing prickles, or sharp projections like them. 
Primine : the outer coat of the covering of the ovule. 
Primordial: earliest formed; primordial leaves are the first after the 

cotyledons. 
Prismatic : prism-shaped; having three or more angles bounding flat or 

hollowed sides. 
Process : any projection from the surface or edge of a body. 
Procumbent: trailing on the ground. 
Produced : extended or projecting, as the upper sepal of a Larkspar is 

produced above into a spur. 



E UCA L YPTUS. 235 

Proliferous: (literally, bearing offspring); where a new branch rises 
from an older one, or one head or cluster of flowers out of another, 
as in Filago Gerrnanica, etc. 

Prostrate : lying flat on the ground. 

Proteine : a vegetable product containing nitrogen. 

Protoplasm : the soft nitrogenous lining or contents of cells. 

Prui nose, Pruinate : frosted; covered with a powder like hoar-frost. 

Puberulent : covered with fine and short, almost imperceptible down. 

Pubescent: hairy or downy, especially with fine and soft hairs or 
pubescence. 

Pulverulent, or Pulveraceous : dusted; covered with fine powder, or what 
looks like such. 

Pulvinate : cushioned, or shaped like a cushion. 

Punctate : dotted, either with minute holes or what look as such (as the 
leaves of St. John's-wort and the Orange), or with minute project- 
ing dots. 

Pungent: very hard, and sharp-pointed; prickly-pointed. 

Pu tauten : the stone of a drupe, or the shell of a nut. 

Pyramidal : shaped like a pyramid. 

Pyrene, Pyrena : a seed-like nutlet or stone of a small drupe. 

Pyxis, Pyxidium : a pod opening round horizontally by a lid. 

Quadri-, in words of Latin origin: four; as 

Quadrangular : four-angled. Quadrifoliate : four-leaved. 

Ouadiifid : four-cleft. 

Quaternate : in fours. Quinate : in fives. 

Quincuncial : in a quincunx; when the parts in sestiviation are five, two 

of them outside, two inside, and one half out and half in, as shown 

in the calyx. 
Quintuple : five-fold. 

Race : a marked variety which may be perpetuated from seed. 

Raceme : a flower-cluster, with one-flowered pedicels arranged along the 

sides of a general peduncle. 
Racemose : bearing racemes, or raceme-like. 
Rack is : see rhachis. 
Radial : belonging to the ray. 
Radiate, or Radiant : furnished with ray-flowers. 

Radical : belonging to the root, or apparently coming from the root. 
Radicant : rooting, taking root on or above the ground, like the stems 

of Trumpet-Creeper and Poison-Ivy. 
Radicels : little roots or rootlets. 
Radicle : the stem-part of the embryo, the lower end of which forms the 

root. 
Rameal : belonging to a branch. Ramose: full of branches (ram? J. 



2 3 6 E UCAL YPTUS. 

Raninlose : full of branchlets [ratnuli). 

Raphe : see rhaphe. 

Ray : the marginal flowers of a head or cluster, when different from the 

rest, especially when ligulate, and diverging (like rays or sunbeams); 

the branches of an umbel, which diverge from a centre. 
Receptacle : the axis or support of a flower; the common axis or support 

of a head of flowers. 
Reclined: turned or curved downwards; nearly recumbent. 
Recurved: curved outwards or backwards. 

Reduplicate (in aestivation): valvate with the margins turned outwards. 
Reflexed : bent outwards or backwards. 

Refracted : bent suddenly, so as to appear broken at the bend. 
Regular : all the parts similar. 
Reniform : kidney-shaped. 
Repand : wavy-margined. 

Repent : creeping, i. e., prostrate and rooting underneath. 
Replum : the persistent frame of some pods (as of Prickly Poppy and 

Cress) , after the valves fall away. 
Reproduction, organs of: all that pertains to the flower and fruit. 
Resupinate : inverted, or appearing as if upside down, or reversed. 
Reticulated : the veins forming network. 
Retroflexed : bent backwards; same as reflexed. 

Retuse : blunted; the apex not only obtuse, but somewhat indented. 
Revolute : rolled backwards, as the margins of many leaves. 
Rhachis (the backbone): the axis of a spike, or other body. 
Rhaphe : the continuation of the seed-stalk along the side of an anatrop- 

ous ovule or seed. 
Rhapides : crystals, especially needle-shaped ones, in the tissues of 

plants. 
Rhizoma : a rootstalk. 
Rhombic: in the shape of a rhomb. Rhomboidal : approaching that 

shape. 
Rib: the principal piece, or one of the principal pieces, of the frame- 
work of a leaf ; or any similar elevated line along a body. 
Ring : an elastic band on the spore cases of Ferns. 
Ringcnt : grinning; gaping open. 
Rootlets : small roots, or root-branches. 

Rootstock : root-like trunks or portions of stems on or under ground. 
Rosaceous : arranged like the petals of a rose. 
Rostellate : bearing a small beak (rostellum). 
Rostrate: bearing a beak (rostrum) or a prolonged appendage. 
Rosulate : in a regular cluster of spreading leaves, resembling a full or 

double rose, as the leaves of Houseleek, etc. 
Rotate: wheel-shaped. 
Rotund : rounded or roundish in outline. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 237 

Rudimentary : imperfectly developed, or in an early state of develop- 
ment. 

Rugose: wrinkled, roughened with wrinkles. 

Ruminated (albumen): penetrated with irregular channels or portions 
filled with softer matter, as a nutmeg. 

A' Uncinate : coarsely saw-toothed or cut, the pointed teeth turned 
towards the base of the leaf, as the leaf of a Dandelion. 

Runner: a slender and prostrate branch, rooting at the end, or at the 
joints, as of a Strawberry. 

Sac: any closed membrane, or a deep purse-shaped cavity. 

Sagittate : arrowhead-shaped. 

Salver-shaped, or Salver-form : with a border spreading at right angles 
to a slender tube, as the corolla of Phlox. 

Samara : a wing-fruit, or key, as of Maple, Ash and Elm. 

Samaroid : like a samara or key-fruit. 

Sap: the juices of plants generally. 

Sarcocarp : the fleshy part of a stone-fruit. 

Sarmentaceous : bearing long and flexible twigs {sarmeu/s), either 
spreading or procumbent. 

Saw-toothed: see serrate. 

Scabrous : rough or harsh to the touch. 

Scalariform : with cross-bands, resembling the steps of a ladder. 

Scaly : furnished with scales, or scale-like in texture. 

Scandent: climbing. 

Scape : a peduncle rising from the ground, or near it, as of the stemless 
Violets, the Bloodroot, etc. 

Scapiform : scape-like. 

Scarious, or Scariose : thin, dry, and membranous. 

Scobiform : resembling sawdust. 

Scorpioid, or Scorpioidal : curved or circinate at the end, like the tail of 
a scorpion, as the inflorescence of Heliotrope. 

Scrobiculate : pitted; excavated into shallo'w pits. 

Scurf Scurfiness : minute scales on the surface of many leaves, as of 
Goosefoot, Buffalo-berry, etc. 

Scutate : buckler-shaped. 

Sculel/ate, or Scutellifotm : saucer-shaped or platter-shaped. 

Seciiud : one-sided; i. e., where flowers, leaves, etc., are all turned to 
one side. 

Secundine : the innor coat of the ovule. 

Segment : a subdivision or lobe of any cleft body. 

Segregate : separated from each other. 

Semi- (in compouud words of Latin origin): half; as 

Semi-adherent, as the calyx or ovary of Purslane. Semicordate : half- 
heart-shaped. Semilunar : like a half-moon. Scmiovate : half- 
ovate, etc. 



2 3 8 EUCAL YPTUS. 

Seminal: relating to the seed. Seminiferous: seed-bearing. 

Sempevirent : evergreen. 

Sepal : a leaf or division of the calyx. 

Sepaloid : sepal-like. Sepal inc: relating to the sepals. 

Separated Flowers : those having stamens or pistils only. 

Septal e : divided by partitions (septa). 

Septenate : with parts in sevens. 

Sepiia'dal : where a pod in dehiscence splits through the partitions, 

dividing each into two layers. 
Septiferous : bearing the partition. 
Sepli/'/agal : where the valves of a pod in dehiscence break away from 

the partitions. 
Septum (plural septa): a partition, as of a pod, etc. 
Serial, or Seriate : in rows; as biserial, in two rows, etc. 
Sericeous: silky; clothed with satiny pubescence. 
Serotinous : happening late in the season. 
Serrate, or Serrated : the margin cut into teeth (serralures) pointing 

forwards. 
Serrulate : same as the last, but with fine teeth. 
Sessile : sitting; without any stalk, as a leaf destitute of petiole, or an 

anther destitute of filament. 
Seta : a bristle, or a slender body or appendage resembling a bristle. 
Setaceous: bristle-like. Seti/orm : bristle-shaped. 

Setigerous : bearing bristles. Setose: beset with bristles or bristly hairs. 
Sex: six; in composition. Sexangular: six-angled, etc. 
Sheath : the base of such leaves as those of Grasses, which are 
Sheathing : wrapped round the stem. 
Shield-shaped : same as scutate, or as peltate. 

Sigmoid : curved in two directions, like the letter S, or the Greek sigma. 
Siliculose : bearing a silicle, or a fruit resembling it. 
Silicle : a pouch, or short pod of the Cress Family. 
Silique : a longer pod of the Cress Family. 
Siliquose : bearing siliques or pods which resemble siliques. 
Silky : glossy with a coat of fine and soft, close-pressed, straight hairs. 
Silvery : shining with white or blueish-gray, usually from ] a] silky 

pubescence. 
Simple : of one piece ; opposed to compound. 
Sinistrorse : turned to the left. 
Sinuate: strongly wavy ; with the margin alternately ^bowed inwards 

and outwards. 
Sinus: a recess or bay; the re-entering angle or space'«between][two 

lobes or projections. 
Soboliferous : bearing shoots from near the ground. 
Solitary : single ; not associated with others. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 239 

Sonts (plural sort) : the proper name of a fruit-dot of Ferns. 

Spadix : a fleshy spike of flowers. 

Spathaceous : resembling or furnished with a 

Spathc : a bract which inwraps an inflorescence. 

Spatulate or Spathulate : shaped like a spatula. 

Spicate : belonging to or disposed in a spike. 

Spiciform : a shape resembling a spike. 

Spike : an inflorescence like a raceme, only the flowers are sessile. 

Spikelet: a small or secondary spike ; the inflorescence of Grasses. 

Spine : a thorn . 

Spindle-shaped : tapering to each end like a radish. 

Spinescent : tipped by or degenerating into a thorn. 

Spi nose or Spiniferons : thorny. 

Sporangia or Sporocarps : spore-cases of Ferns, Mosses, etc. 

Spore : a body resulting from the fmctification of Cryptogamous plants, 
in them taking the place of a seed. 

Sporule : same as a spore, or a small spore. 

Spur : any projecting appendage of the flower, looking like a spur. 

Squamate, Squamose, or Squamaceous : furnished with scales (squamcz). 

Squamellate or Squamulose : furnished with little scales {squamell<? or 
squamulcr). 

Squatni/orm : shaped like a scale. 

Squarrose : where scales, leaves, or any appendages, or spreading widely 
from the axis on which they are thickly set. 

Squarrulosc : dimunitive of squan-ose : slightly squarrose. 

Stalk : the stem, petiole, peduncle, etc., as the case may be. 

Staminate : furnished with stamens ; Stamineal : relating to the stamens. 

Staminodium : an abortive stamen, or other body resembling a sterile 
stamen. 

Standard : the upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla. 

Starch : a well-kown vegetable product. 

Station : the particular place or kind of situatiou in which a plant natur- 
ally occurs. 

Stellate, Stellular : starry or star-like ; where several similar parts 
spread out from a common center, like a star. 

Slemless : destitute, or apparently destitute of stem. 

Sterile : barren or imperfect. 

Stigjna : the part of the pistil which receives the pollen. 

Stigmatic or Stigmatose : belonging to the stigma. 

Stipe (Latin stipes) : the stalk of a pistil, etc., when it has any; the 
stem of a Mushroom. 

Stipel : a stipule of a leaflet, as of the Bean, etc. 

Stipellate : furnished with stipels, as the Bean and some other Legumi- 
nous plants. 



2 4 o EUCAL YPTUS. 

Stipulate: furnished with stipules. 

Stipitate : furnished with a stipe, as the pistil of Cleome. 

Stipules ; the appendages one each side of the base of certain leaves. 

Stolons : trailing or reclined and rooting shoots. 

Stolon iferoits : producing stolons. 

Stomate (Latin stoma, plural stoma/a) : the breathing pores of leaves, etc. 

Strap-shaped : long, flat and narrow. 

Striate or Striated : marked with slender, longitudinal grooves or chan- 
nels (Latin striae. ) 

Strict : close and narrow' ; straight and narrow. 

Strigillose, Strigose : beset with stout and appressed, scale-like or rigid 
bristles. 

Strobilaceous : relating to or resembling a 

Strobile: a multiple fruit in the form of a cone or head, as that of the 
Hop and of the Pine. 

Strophiole: same as caruncle. Strop// io/ate : furnished with a strophiole. 

Struma : a wen ; a swelling or protuberance of any organ. 

Style : a part of the pistil which bears the stigma. 

Stylopodium : an epigynous disk, or an enlargement at the base of the 
style, found in Umbelliferous and some other plants. 

Sub-, as a prefix : about, nearly, somewhat ; as sub-cordate, slightly cord- 
ate ; sub-serrate, slightly serrate ; sub-axillary ; just beneath the axil, 
etc., etc. 

Suberose : corky or cork-like in texture. 

Subulate : awl-shaped ; tapering from a broadish or thickish base to a 
sharp point. 

Succulent : juicy or pulpy. 

Suckers : shoots from subterranean branches. 

Suffrutescent : slightly shrubby or woody at the base only. 

Sulcate : grooved longitudinally in long furrows. 

Supervoluie : plaited and convulute in bud. 

Supra-axillary : borne above the axil, as some buds. 

Supra-decompound : many times compounded or divided. 

Surculose : producing suckers, or shoots resembling them. 

Suspended: hanging down. Suspended ovules or seeds hang from the 
very summit of the cell which contains them. 

Sulural : belonging or relating to a suture. 

Suture : the line of junction of contiguous parts grown together. 

Szvord-shapcd : vertical leaves with acute parallel edges, tapering above 
to a point. 

Symmetrical Flower : similar in the number of parts of each set. 

Synantherous or Syngenesious: where stamens are united by their anthers. 

Syncarpous (fruit or pistil): composed of several carpels consolidated 
into one. 

Systematic Botany : the study of plants after their kinds. 



EUCAL YPTUS. z 4 i 

Taper-pointed: same as acuminate. 

Tap-root : a root with a stout tapering body. 

Tawny : dull yellowish, with a tinge of brown. 

Taxonomy : the part of Botany which treats of classification. 

Tegmen ; a name for the inner seed-coat. 

Tendril: a thread-shaped body used for climbing: it is either a branch 

as in Virginia Creeper; or a part of a leaf, as in Pea or Vetch. 
Terete : long and round ; same as cylindrical, only it may taper. 
Terminal: borne at, or belonging to, the extremity or summit. 
Terminology : the part of the science which treats of technical terms : 

same as glossology. 
Ternate : in threes; Ternately : in a ternate way. 
Testa : the outer (and usually the harder) coat or shell of the seed. 
Tetra- (in words of Greek composition) : four, as 
Tetracoccous : of four cocci or carpels. 

Tetradynamous : where a flower has six stamens, two of them shorter 

than the other four, as in Mustard. 
Tetragonal: four-angled. Tetragynous : with four pistils or styles. 
Tetramerons : with its parts or sets in fours. 
Tetrandrous : with four stamens. 
Theca : a case ; the cells or lobes of the anther. 
Thread-shaped : slender and round, or roundish like a thread; as the 

filament of stamens generally. 
Throat : the opening or gorge of a monopetalous corolla, etc., where the 

border and the tube join, and a little below. 
Thyrse or Thytsus: a compact and pyramidal panicle. 
Tomentose : clothed with matted wool}' hairs {tomentum.) 
Tongue-shaped : long, flat, but thickish and blunt. 
Toothed: furnished with teeth or short projections of any sort on the 

margin, used especially when these are sharp, like saw-teeth, and do 

not point forwards. 
Top-shaped : shaped like a top, or a cone with its apex downwards. 
Torose, Torulose : knobby; where a cylindrical body is swollen at intervals. 
Torus : the receptacle of the flower. 
Tri-, in composition : three; as 

Ttiadelphous : stamens united by their filaments into three bundles. 
Triandrous : where the flower has three stamens. 

Trichotomous : three-forked. Tricoccous : of three cocci or roundish 

carpels. 
Tricolor: having three colors. Tricostate : having three ribs. 
Tricuspidate : three-pointed. Tri den tale: three -toothed. 
Triennial : lasting for three years. 

Trifarious : in three vertical rows; looking three ways. 
Trifid : three-cleft. 

16 



*j2 EUCALYPTUS. 

Trifoliate : three-leaved. Tri/oliolate : of three leaflets. 

Trifurcate : three-forked. Trigonous : three-angled or triangular. 

Trigytious : with three pistils or styles. Trijugate : in three pairs (jugi.) 

Tri/o bed, or Trilobate: three-lobed. 

Trilocnlar : three-celled. 

Trimerous : with its parts in threes, as Trillium. 

Trinervate : three-nerved, or with three slender ribs. 

Tricrcious : where there are three sorts of flowers on the same or differ- 
ent individuals ; as in Red Maple. 

Tripartible : separable into three pieces. Tripartite : three-parted. 

Tripetalous : having three petals. 

Triphyllous : three-leaved ; composed of three pieces. 

Trippinate : thrice pinnate. Tripinnatifid : thrice pinnately cleft. 

Triple-ribbed, Triple-nerved, etc. : where a midrib branches into three 
near the base of the leaf, as in Sunflower. 

Triquetrous : sharply three-angled ; and especially with the sides con- 
cave, like a bayonet. 

Triserial, or Triseriate : in three rows, under each other. 

Tristichous : in three londitudinal or perpendicular ranks. 

Tristigmatic, or Tristigmatose : having three stigmas. 

Trisulcate : three-grooved. 

Triternate : three times ternate. 

Trivial Name : the specific name. 

Trochlear : pulley-shaped. 

Trumpet-shaped : tubular, enlarged at or towards the summit, as the cor- 
olla or Trumpet-Creeper. 

Truncate : as if cut off at the top. 

Trunk : the main stem or general body of a stem or tree. 

Tuber : a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, provided 
with eyes (buds) on the sides ; as a potato. 

Tubercle: a small excrescence. 

Tubercled , or Tuberculate : bearing excrescences or pimples. 

"Tuberous : resembling a tuber. Tuberiferous : bearing tubers. 

Tubular : hollow and of elongated form ; hollowed like a pipe. 

Tumid: swollen: somewhat inflated. 

Tunicate : coated ; invested with layers, as an onion. 

Turbinate: top-shaped. Turgid: thick as if swollen. 

Turio (plural turiones) : young shoots or suckers springing out of the 
ground ; as Asparagus-shoots. 

Turnip-shaped: broader than high, abruptly narrowed below. 

Twin : in pairs (see germinate), as the flowers of Ivinnaea. 

Twining : ascending by coiling round a support, like the Hop. 

Typical : well expressing the characteristics of a species, genus, etc. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 243 



Umbel; the umbrella-like form of inflorescence. 

Umbellate : in umbels. Umbelliferous: bearing umbels. 

Umbel/ el : a secondary or partial umbel. 

Umbilicate : depressed in the centre, like the ends of an apple. 

Umbo n ate : bossed; furnished with a low, rounded projection like a boss 

(umbo). 
Umbraculiform : umbrella-shaped, like a Mushroom, or the top of the 

style of Sarracenia. 
Unarmed : destitute of spines, prickles and the like. 
Uncinate: hook-shaped; hooked over at the end. 
Under-shrub : partially shrubby, or a very low shrub. 
Undulate : wavy, or wavy-margined. 

Unequally pinnate : pinnate with an odd number of leaflets. 
Unguiculate : furnished with a claw (unguis); i: e. a narrow base, as the 

petals of a Rose, where the claw is very short, and those of Pinks 

where the claw is very long. 
( '>//'-, in compound words : one; as 
Uniflorous : one-flowered. Unifoliate : one-leaved. 
Unifoliolate : of one leaflet; Unijugate : of one pair. 
Unilabiate : one-lipped. Unilateral: one-sided. 
Un ilocular : cne-celled. 
Uniovulate : having only one ovule. 
Uniserial : in one horizontal row. 

Unise.vual : having stamens or pistils only, as in Moonseed. 
Univalved : a pod of only one piece after dehiscence. 
Urceolate : urn-shaped. 

Utricle : a small, thin-walled, one-seeded fruit, as of Goosefoot. 
Utricular : like a small bladder. 

Vaginate : sheathed, surrounded by a sheath (vagina.) 

Valve : one of the pieces (or doors) into which a dehiscent pod, or any 

similar body, splits. 
Valvate, Valvular: opening by valves. Valvate in aestivation. 
Vascular: containing vessels, or consisting of vessels, such as ducts. 
Vaulted: arched; same as fornicate. 
Veil : the calyptra of Mosses. 

Veins : the small ribs or branches of the framework of leaves, etc. 
Veined, Veiny : furnished with evidentveins. Veinless: destitute of veins. 
Veinlets : the smaller ramifications of veins. 
Velate : furnished with a veil . 
Velutinous : velvety to the touch. 
Venation : the veining of leaves, etc. 
Venose : veiny; furnished with conspicuous veins. 
Venttal : belonging to that side of a simple pistil, or other organ, which 

looks towards the axis or centre of the flower; the opposite of dorsal. 



244 EUCALYPTUS. 

Ventricose : inflated or swelled out on one side. 

Venulose : furnished with veinlets. 

Vermicular; shaped like worms. 

Vernation : the arrangement of the leaves in the bud. 

J'ernicose : the surface appearing as if varnished. 

Verrucose : warty; beset with little projections like warts. 

l r ersatile : attached by one point, so that it may swing to and fro, as the 

anthers of the L,ily and Evening Primrose. 
Vertex : same as the apex. 

Vertical : upright; perpendicular to the horizon, lengthwise. 
/ 'erticil : a whorl. Verticillate : whorled. 
/ T esicle ; a little bladder. Vesicular : bladdery. 
Vexillary, Vexillar: relating to the 
Vexillum : the standard of a papilionaceous flower. 
/ 'il/ose : shaggy with long and soft hairs {villosity). 

I 'iuiineous : producing slender twigs, such as those used for wicker-work. 
Vine : any trailing or climbing stem; as a Grape-vine. 
Virescent, Viride scent : greenish; turning green. 
Virgate: wand-shaped, as a long, straight, and slender twig. 
/ 'iscous, Viscid : having a glutinous surface. 
Uitta (plural vittes): the oil-tubes of the fruit of Umbelliferae. 
/ 'oluble : twining, as the stem of Hops and Beans. 

Wavy: the surface or margin alternately convex and concave. 

Waxy: resembling beeswax in texture or appearance. 

Wedge-shaped : broad above, and tapering by straight lines to a narrow 

base. 
Wheel-shaped : see rotate. 
Whorl, Whorled: when leaves, etc., are arranged in a circle round the 

stem. 
Wing : any membranous expansion. 

Winged : furnished with a wing; as the fruit of Ash and Elm. 
Wood, Woody : of the texture or consisting of wood. 
J{ oolly : clothed with long and entangled soft hairs: as the leaves of 

Mullein. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 245 



5YN0NYH5 AND VARIETIES. 



A 

E. acmenoides — Syn.: trianthos. At one time ranked as a variety of 
pilularis. 

E. amygdalina — Syns.: radiata, elata, tenueramis, nitida, longifolia. 
Eindleyana, ambigua, ligustrina, fissilis. Vars.: linearis, dives, angusti- 
folia, hypericifolia, regnans. Both Risdoni and coecifera have been called 
forms of amygdalina. 

E. alba — Bark white, persistent. Syn.: leucadendron. Var. : 
tectifica. Close to platyphylla, Timor. 

B 

E. Baileyana — Fibrous on both stem and branches; bark stringy; 
poor soil and sandy ridges; similar to Eucalyptus Bowmanii. Was called 
Var. of Eucalyptus drepanophylla; also like trachyphloia and eugenioides, 
in this case fruits very different, resembling those of dichromophloia. 

E. botryoides — Bark persistent dark, wrinkled, one case here decor- 
ticates. Sy)i . : platypodas. 

E. Behriana — Var: purpurascens. 

E. bicolor — Syns.: pendula, largiflorens, haemastoma. Var.: passi- 
flora. 

c 

E. corynocalyx — Syti.: cladocalvx; stony and dry districts. Seed- 
lings round leaf. 

E. capitellata — Bark stringy. Has been called Eucalyptus piperita; 
closely allied to santalifolia. I ar. : brachycorys ; this variety also attri- 
buted to macrorrhyncha. 

E calophylla — Syn. : splachnocarpa, allied to ficifolia. 

E. clavigera — Syn. : polysciadia. 

E. cornuta — Syns.: macrocera.symphomyrtus, annulata. Lehmanni 
has also been called a form of this tree. 

E. corymbosa — Syns. : metrosideros, gummifera. 

E. coecifera— I'ar. : parviflora. 

E. crebra — The following may eventually be ranked as forms of 
crebra : Melanophloia, drephanophylla, trachyphloia and leptophleba 
and perhaps also the lemon scented iron bark E. Staigeriana (have seen 
no description of this last. — K.) Syns.: resinifera and metrosideros, salici- 
folium and perhaps angustifolia and melanophloia. 

E. conoidea — Var. : marginata. 



246 EUCAL YPTUS. 

D 

E. diversicolor — Syns. : colossea, goniantha. 

E. dumosa — Syns. : lamprocarpa, santalifolia, fruticetorum. Var. : 
conglobata, scyphocalyx, panticulata, rhadophloia. 

E 

E. eugenioides — Syns. : scabra, acervula, piperita. 

F 

E. foecunda — far.: loxophleba, foecunda, small shrubby form — 
loxophleba — tree form. Syns. : amygdalina, fruticetorum. 

Q 

E. goniocalyx — Bark rough in dry country. Smooth in mountain 
gorges. Syn. : elseophora. 

E. gracilis — Shrubby; bark smooth. Syns.: calycogna, celastroides, 
fruticetorum. 

E. globulus- — Syns.: cordata, diversifolia, glauca, pulverulenta, per- 
foliata. Var.: shrubby form unnamed. 

E. Qunnii — Bark rough, dark; always decorticating. Vars.: doubt- 
ful; ligustriana, Baueriana and persicifolia. Syns. : ligustriana, acervula. 

M 
E. hemiphloia — Syn : albens. Var.: brevifolia for oil. 
E. haemostoma — Bark smooth, or if persistent on stem smooth on 
branches. Var. : micranthera, smaller fruit and flower. Syns.: signata, 
fair fuel, poor timber. 

1 

E. incrassata — Syns.: angulosa, cuspidata, costata. Muelleri. 

L 

E. largiflorens — Syns.: neudula, bicolor and haemastoma. 

E. leucoxylon ^ Vars.: angulata, pallens, minor; wide range; 

E. sideroxylon \ seedlings of Eucalyptus leucoxylon; willowy, 
vine-like growth; leaves opposite, sessile; of sideroxylon, very fine leaf, 
narrow; stem crimson. Maiden and others think that the tree growing 
in New South Wales is different from Eucalyptus leucoxylon of South 
Australia and should have specific rank as Eucalyptus sideroxylon. 
The timber of the latter is reddish; of the former, white; both very 
strong; sideroxylon most durable. 

E. longifolia — Syn:: Woolsei, fuel and bees. Seedling leaves nar- 
row, paler beneath, generally scattered, smooth. 

E. loxophleba — Syn.: fruticetorum. Var.: fruticosa. 

M 
E. macrorrhyncha — Stringy bark; foliage sometimes like obliqua; 
smaller tree than obliqua; seedlings rough glandular protuberances with 
hairy tufts. Syn.: acervula (ring'). Var.: brachycorys. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 247 

E. marginata — Syns.: floribunda,|hypoleuca, mahogani. 

E. melliodora — Bark on stem rough persistent yellow and soft in- 
side. Branches generally smooth; near leucoxylon and sideroxylon; 
needs good soil; seedling leaves oval , scattered ; stalked. Syn.: patentiflora. 

E. mac u lata— Bark smooth. Var.: citriodora; large tree; stem of 
citriodora not yet here marked or mottled as noted of maculata. Syns.: 
melissiodora, variegata, peltata. 

E. microtheca — Syns.: brevifolia and brachypoda. 

o 

E. occidentalis — Syns.: macrandra, spathulata. 

E. odorata — Bark grey, rough, persistent. Syns.: cajuputea, porosa. 
Vai .: floribunda. Timber fair, resists decay, generally small. 

E. obliqua — Bark fibrous and persistent on both stem and branches. 
Syns.: gigantea, fabrorum, nervosa, falcifolia, heterophylla. Jars.: obtu- 
siflora, cneorifolia (dwarfed alpine form), dives opposite leaved form; 
large tree; timber does not last underground. One of the most grega- 
rious of the Eucalypti. 

P 

E. pauciflora — Bark smooth. Syns.: coriacea, piperita, phlebophylla 
submultiplinervis and sylvicultrii. Vars.: procera, alpina; leaves some- 
times very large and round in young plant; wood comparatively soft; 
stands cold. 

E. pilularis — Bark persistent blackish grey; seedling leaves oppo- 
site sessile, very oblong; plant stiff and smooth. Syns.: persicifolia, 
semicorticata, ornata, incrassata, very close to acmenoides; timber good. 

E. punctata — Syns.: Stuartiana, tereticornis . Vars.: longifolia. 
brachycorys. 

E. pyriformis — Syns.: pruinosa erythrocalyx. 

E. piperita — Bark rough, fibrous, persistent to branches. Syn. : 
acervula. J r ar. : laxiflora. 

E. polyanthema — Bark persistent, grey, slightly furrowed. Syn. : 
polyantheinos. Jar.: Baueriana and perhaps oligantha. 

E. populifolia — Persistent, somewhat wrinkled bark. Syns. : popul- 
nea, largiflorens, platyphylla. Var. : parviflora. 

E. Planchoniana — resembles Eucalyptus rigida. Var.: Leuhman- 
niana. 

E. platypus — Var.: nutans. 

E. paniculate — Syn. : terminalis. Vars. : fasciculosa, angustifolia 
conferta. 

R 

E. resinifera— / ar. . spectabilis, broader, roundish leaves, nearly 
equal color on both sides and thicker. Var.: pellita — similar, bvit with 
longer leaves and partly paniculated flowers. These two are ranked as 
tropical forms. Also, var. hemilampra. 



248 EUCALYPTUS. 

E. Kirtoniana is between resinifera and robusta. In the venation 
of leaves and order of these it is nearest robusta, while in shape of calyx- 
cap it is nearest resinifera. Also, var. grandiflora. Wide range. 

E. robusta — Syti. : rostra ta. 

E. rostrata — Bark grey, generally persistent. Syns. : acuminata, 
longirostris, exserta and brachypoda. Forms of tereticornis and rudis 
approach rostrata closely. Seedling, leaves narrow, lanceolar. 

E. rudis — Syn.: brachypoda. 

E. redunca — Syn. : xanthonema. Vars. : angustofolio, melano- 
phloia, elata. 

S 

E. spathulata — Var. : grandiflora. 

E. saligna — Bark smooth — often shiny, — otherwise closely resem- 
bling E. botryoides. Along streams. / 'ar. ; hemilampra ; between 
saligna and resinifera, with smooth bark ; tall tree — fine timber. 

E. Sieberiana — Syn. : virgata. Bark deep furrowed, dark brown ; 
branches smooth and pale ; tall tree — good timber. 

E. siderophloia — Bark rough, persistent, deeply furrowed. Syn. .' 
persicifolia, resinifera. Vars. : fibrosa, rostrata. 

E. Stuartiana — Bark fibrous, persistent. Owing to confusion of de- 
scriptions this name has been applied to both Gunnii and Viminalis. 
Sy)is. : persicifolia, Baueriana, falcifolia. 

E. stricta — Syns. : virgata cnerifolia, microphylla. Cunninghami. 
Vars. : rigida and Leuhmannii — last very luxuriant in foliage. 

E. stelulata — Syns. : microphylla, Cunninghami, stricta. Var. : 
angustifolia. 

E. santalifolia— Vars. : firma. Baxteri. 

T 

E, tereticornis Syns. : subulata, or subulatum. Vars.: latifolia, 
brachycorvs, brevifolia. Also, Syns. : leptospernum, umbellatum. 

E. tetraptera — purple flower, pendant, shrubby. Syn. : acutangula. 
E. tessilaris — Var. : Dallachiana. Syns.: Viminalis, Hookeri. 
E. terminalis — Syn. : potycarpa. 

V 

E. viminalis — Syns. : mannifera, patentiflora, fabrorum, Gunnii, 
dealbata, santalifolia, granularis, persicifolia. Also .confused with pilu- 
laris, diversifolia and elata. Var.: dealbata. 

The confusion of names is to a great extent due to descriptions of 
species independently made by different botanists. Thus the same species 
has been described and named by different botanists without knowledge 
of each others work. The trouble is also due to great variability in the 
species, which often merge into each other or have striking differences of 
form. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 249 



TIMBER. 



The genus of myrtles called Eucalyptus has for a long 
time furnished Australasia with timber for all useful pur- 
poses both on laud and sea. Houses, ships, wagons, piles, 
railroad ties, bridges, fences, paving blocks, etc., have been 
and are made from timber of species of this genus. While 
all the species are hardwoods the}' differ greatly in dura- 
bility, strength and facility of working, so also in various 
uses some are good for fuel, others will scarcely burn, some 
split with remarkable ease and others will not split at all. 
Great differences exist even in the same species in points 
of value. These differences are largely due to the soil or 
climate in which the wood grew. The extraordinary varia- 
tions in the tables of strength of Eucalyptus timber, as 
between Warren, Maiden and Lastlett, for instance, and in 

' the various reports on durability in water or under ground 
may be in part attributed to the locality from which the 
timber was taken, the season of cutting, the method of 
curing or the age of the tree. We may also assume that 
a careful and reliable checking of the species has not al- 
ways been attended to by those furnishing the timber for 
testing. 

Extended examinations of the Australian timbers have 
been made by Prof. J. H. Maiden, J. G. Eeuhmann, Jas. 
Mitchell, Thos. Laslett, Baron Von Mueller, W. H. War- 
ren and others. The following notes are taken from these 
works. 

The principal drawbacks to this timber are its tendency 

to check or open fissures and shakes ail its hardness and 



250 EUCALYPTUS. 

consequent difficulty in working. Its general advantages 
are hardness, durability and strength. Besides these good 
qualities I have seen polished wood specimens from species 
of this genus at the different World Expositions that were 
strikingly beautiful. I have presented notes only on the 
species that seems to me most important. The concentric 
wood layers are often indistinct and are in my examina- 
tions no indication of age. 

E. acmenoides — White mahogany. A tough, strong, 
useful timber. One of the most durable. Uses — posts, piles, 
girders, etc., and general building. Color, pale. Height, 
40 to 60 feet. Sp. gravity, 1.066 (67^ lbs. per cubic foot). 
The specific gravity in each of the species varies consid- 
erably. What I have given is generally the average of all 
the examinations accessible to me. 

E. amygdalina — Peppermint-messmate. In this species 
the first difficulty we encounter is the lack of differentia- 
tion of the numerous striking varieties. Timber does not 
twist in drying, splits easily especially when taken from 
trees in glens or on bottom lauds. Uses — shingles, pail- 
ings, rails; also for keelsons and planking in ships. Not a 
superior fuel. Comparatively light, floats in water. Spe- 
cimen cut 25 years weighed 48 lbs. 10 oz. per cubic foot. 
Color, pale yellow. Height from 100 to 350 feet. 

E. botryoides — Swamp mahogany or blue gum. Valu- 
able timber, hard, tough, durable. When grown on rich 
soil considered one of the best timber trees of the species 
(Maiden). When grown on coast sands it is useful for 
sawing and fencing, though then the stems are often 
gnarled (Kirton). Used for knees of boats, posts, wagons, 
especially felloes. Generally very durable under ground. 
Does not split easily. Height, 50 to 100 feet. 



Gipps- 
land 

mahog- 
any. 


Local 
Name. 


ft] 


60 

2 3 

EL 


North- 
eastern 
Gippsland 


? * 5 



p 


Approximate Date 

when the Timber 

was cut. 


^ .B. .6. -ft. 
Co <*» <J» Co 

CO 00 00 CO 

J^ J>. .e. -fc. 


Date of Testing. 


*£) *o o o 


Weight of each 
Sample in lbs , 




en 
o 


Average Weight 
of Samples in lbs. 


c/> 

C/l 


Average Weight per 
Cubic Foot in lbs. 


o 

CO 


Average 
Specific Gravity. 


^1 v£ --1 \£> 
JO C p o 

'- be 'm - 


Breakiug Weight 

of each Sample in 

cwts qrs. lbs. 


61 


Average Rreaking 

Weight of Samples 

in lbs. 


Co *■ -£- *_n 


Deflection at Point 
ot Rupture in Inches. 


! 


Average Deflection 
in Inches. 


■% 


Total Average 
Deflection in Inches. 


J- 


Average 
Specific Strength. 


g 

o' 
o 
2 
S 


Geological Formation 

Where the Tree 

grew. 


lying 
Ground 


Elevation above Sea- 
level . 





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252 EUCAL YPTUS. 

E. capitellata — Stringy bark ; good splitting timber. 
Uses: posts, rails, shakes, etc. Sp. gravity .838 (52.26 
lbs. per cubic foot. Balfour). Height up to 200 feet. 

E. calophylla — Redgum of W. A. Wood tough. Used 
for naves, spokes, ploughs, shafts, handles; also for frames, 
rails and various building purposes — not durable under 
ground (Mueller). Height up to 150 feet. 

E. cornuta — Yate or Yeit. Hard and elastic wood, sug- 
gesting ash. Used for agricultural implements, boat ribs, 
etc. Heavy, sinks in water. Sp. gravity when well dried, 
1.235. Height .up to 100 feet. 

E. corymbosa — Bloodwood. Subject to gum veins, and 
consequently not so good for sawn timber. Very durable; 
resists white ants, damp, etc. Does not burn readily. 
Easily worked when fresh, but soon becomes very hard; 
generally dark red color (Maiden). Height 80 to 100 feet. 

E. corynocalyx — Sugar gum. Timber very heavy; of 
great lateral strength, very hard when dry, and durable. 
Resists insects, ants, damp rot, etc. One of the least 
likely to warp of the genus. Uses: railroad ties, joists, 
rafters, piles, planking, naves and felloes of wheels, etc. 
(J. E. Brown). Weighs 69 lbs. per cubic foot (Warren). 
Color, pale yellow. Height up to 120 feet. 

E. crebra — Narrow-leaved ; iron bark. Hard, tough, of 
inlocked fibre. Uses : fence-posts, building, sleepers, bridges, 
piles, wheelwright work, etc. (Maiden). Very heavy. Sp. 
gravity 1.211 (Capt. Ward). Color, rich brown. Height 
60 to 100 feet. 

E. di versicolor — Karri. Wood straight in grain, tough, 
bends easily but is not as easily worked as Eucalyptus mar- 
ginata. Uses; large planks, scantlings, piles, wheelwright 
work, rudders, masts, etc. Does not finish well; very dur- 



EUCALYPTUS. 



253 



able in water; subject to star-shake. Color sometimes red, 
sometimes pale indefinite. Height up to 300 feet or even 
more. 



TABLE SHOWING COMPARATIVE TESTS OF " IN- 
DIAN TEAK" AND "ENGLISH OAK:" 

Compared with Western Australian Tuart (E.gotnphocepkala), 
Jarrah (E. Marginata), and Karri (E. diver sicolor) . 





u 




.C 






c 


.r, . P-IB 




.a 

u 






Average Tensile Experiments 


in . 

keg) 


year 

Eng 

or shi 

rpose 


Name of 
Wood. 


00 


'0 


V d 
03 3 

5 "1 






w 

^ n " 

>■« P 

3 

1-1 
O 


Number of 
assigned by 
lish Lloyds 1 
building pu 


Dimen- 
sions of 


Weight 
the piece 


Direct 
cohesion 




11 

is 


p. 




each 
piece. 


broke 
with. 


of 
1 sq. in. 




Lbs. 




Value 
ofS. 


Inches. 


Lbs. per 
sq. in. 


Lbs. per 
sq. in. 


In tons 
persq in 




Indian Teak 


49-47 


807 


2203 


2 x 2 x 30 


13.207 


3,3d 


2838 


14 years. 


English Oak 


31.72 


886 


2117 


2 x 2 x 30 


30,287 


7,571 


34" 


9 " 


Tuart 


73.06 


1169 


2701 


2 x 2 x 30 


40,487 


10,284 


4195 


— 


Jarrah 


63.12 


IOIO 


1800 


2 x 2 x 30 


11,760 


2,940 


3198 


12 " 


Karri 


61.31 


981 


2264 


2 x 2 x 30 


28,280 


7,070 


5H0 


12 " 



From the Official Catalogue of Western Australia, Melbourne 
International Exhibition, 1880. 



E. eugeneoides — Stringy bark. Timber split well but 
not so well as other stringy bark, but not more lasting 
than these. Uses; flooring boards, palings, rails, etc.; in- 
ferior fuel. Color, pale. Height up to 150 feet. 

E. eximia — Rusty gum ; poor timber; good fuel. 

E. globulus — Blue gum or fever tree. Tall, straight 
growing; wood moderately strong, hard, heavy, grain 
twisted or curled. In seasoning deep shakes occur from 
the surface and it shrinks and warps considerably (Laslett.) 



254 



EUCAL YPTUS. 



In water it swells greatly, thus in the Tasmanian vessels 
built of this timber the seams are scarcely discernable 
when these are taken on the ways for coppering. Uses: 
Ship-building, wheelwright work, agricultural implements, 
telegraph poles, piles, bridges. Its use for railroad sleepers 
has been of late years supplanted by Eucalyptus rostrata 
(checks too much for their use with ordinary seasoning, K). 
Easlett says that the old trees often decay about the heart- 
wood like some of our old oaks. It is deemed to be use- 
ful in the ways spoken of after the eighth or tenth year 
of age. Heart wood and sap wood are generally rejected 
in Tasmania as not durable. Color, generally pale yellow, 
sometimes brown or grey. Height up to 330 feet. Sp. 
gravity average by Balfour, 1.014 (63.19 lbs per cubic foot). 



TRANSVERSE EXPERIMENTS. 

{Laslett.) 

Pieces 7 feet long by 2 inches square. Weight suspended 
in the middle; both ends free. 





Deflections. 




>> 


•O 


•0 £ 


No. of 

the 

Specimen. 


With the 

Apparatus 

weighing 3901b 


After the 

Weight 

was removed. 


At the 

crisis 

of breaking. 


Total weigh 

required to bre 

each piece 


> 

u 

be 

V 

'0 
u 

p. 
If, 


Weight reduc 

to specific 

gravity 1000 


Weight requii 

to break 
one square in 




Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


I,bs. 






Lbs. 


1 


1. 25 


•15 


4 5° 


767 


1079 


711 


191-75 


2 


1 75 


.20 


3-75 


602 


997 


604 


150-50 


3 


1-35 


.10 


5 75 


710 


1037 


684 


'77 50 


4 


1 00 


.00 


3 75 


767 


1 108 


692 


I9I-75 


5 


1 25 


•15 


3-5o 


684 


1026 


666 


171 .00 


6 


1 00 


.00 


4 00 


74i 


924 


801 


185 -25 


Average 


1 .26 


.10 


4.21 


712 


1029 


693 


177.96 



Each piece broke with a short fracture. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 



255 



TENSILE EXPERIMENTS. 

{Las let t.) 



Number of 
the specimen. 



Average. 



Dimensions of 
each piece. 



Inches. 



Specific 
gravity. 



997 
1079 
1037 
1108 
1026 



Weight 

the piece 

broke with. 



Direct cohesion 

on 

1 square inch. 



Lbs. 

14560 
26600 
24360 
26600 
28840 



24192 



Lbs. 

3640 
6650 
6090 
6650 
7210 



6048 



Vertical or Crushing Strain on Cubes of Two Inches. 



No. 12. 
Tons. 

12875 



No. 13. 
Tons. 

13000 



No 14. 
Tons. 

12750 



No. 15. 

Tons. 

11125 



No. 16. 

Tons. 

10500 



No. 17. 

Tons. 

13625 



Total. 
Tons. 

73875 ! 12312 



Average. 
Tons. 



Ditto on 

1 square inch. 

Tons. 

3078 



E = 778300. 



S = 1869. 



Experiments on the Transverse Strength of Wood 
of E. globulus, by Baron von Mueller and J. G. Lueh- 
mann. The pieces were two inches square, two feet 
long between the supports, the weight suspended in 
the middle, both ends free. The timber was seasoned 
nine months. 





Deflection . 


Total weight 


















No. 


With 

Apparatus 

Weighing 

720 lbs. 


After the 

Weight 

was 

Removed. 


At the 
Crisis of 
Breaking. 


required 

Break each 

piece. 


LW 

S = 4bd2 


Specific 
Gravity. 




Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Lbs. 






1 


.12 


.04 


•75 


2444 


1833 


•938 


2 




08 


Nil. 




62 


3 22 4 


2418 


.992 


3 




16 


•04 




58 


2256 


1692 


•9'3 


4 




12 


.04 




75 


2661 


1996 


.942 


5 




10 


.02 




75 


2740 


2055 


.946 


6 




12 


•03 




55 


2288 


1716 


.927 


7 




12 


.02 




75 


2409 


1807 


.924 


8 




l l 


.04 




58 


2280 


1710 


.845 


9 




16 


.04 




62 


2252 


1689 


.852 


10 




05 


Nil. 




58 


3752 


2814 


1.094 


11 


.08 


Nil. 


65 


3024 


2268 


1.096 






S (strength 


) - 


L (length) x W (weight) 


| 






4 x b (breadth) x d2 (depth 2) 



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700 to 

800 ft 

About 
1 250 ft 


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DOi;EUUO^ IB31oO[03Q 


Mesozoic 

Mesozoic 
Granite 


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saqaui tu uoipayaa 

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saqaui ui 
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 

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23-12-82 
—4-83 

Seasoned 
at least 
twelve 
months 


Locality 
Where 
Grown 


Mirboo. 
Victoria 

Range south 

of Waterloo. 

Victoria . 

Corner Inlet, 
S. E. Victoria. 

Southern New 
South Wales 



EUCALYPTUS. 



257 



E. gomphocephela, Touart, Tooart or Tewart (also 
called white gum) — Wood heavy, durable, tough ; grain 
close, curled or twisted, does not easily rend ; shrinks little 
in seasoning. Said to be the least subject of any Eucalyp- 
tus to heart or star shakes. One of the strongest timbers 
in the world. Easlett says that he has seen a specimen of 
this wood subjected to a ten year test of weather exposure 
with only in the least degree showing any effect. Stands 
high temperatures as in an engine room Uses : shipbuild- 
ing stern posts, keelsons and work below the line of flota- 
tion, also for bridges, scantlings, etc. Color, pale yellow 
or brown. Height up to 150 feet. 



TRANSVERSE 


EXPERIMENTS. 


(Las let/.) 




Deflections 


M 





08 


OX! 
~ CJ 

■e.S 














13 >, 


Number o 
Specimen 


With the Appa- 
ratus Weighing 
390 lbs. 


CO 
J- MO 


w 

< 


MO <n 

•£*-' 
>~ % 

-£* 

2 3J5 

o*y 

tins 


> 

(8 
u 



y 
'5 

V 

p. 


si 

•0 2 
Jio 
-> 

.etc 

■Sfil 


u 
" in 

'S CJ 




Inches 


Inches 


Inches 


Lbs. 






Lbs. 


1 


1-25 


•15 


4'5° 


1071 


1 147 


942 


267.75 


2 


1 


25 


.00 


4-5° 


972 


"73 


829 


243-00 


3 


1 


'5 


.20 


5.00 


1032 


1184 


872 


258.00 


4 


1 


25 


■15 


5.00 


1116 


1147 


973 


279 00 


5 


1 


35 


•05 


4.85 


1017 


1170 


' 869 


254- 25 


6 


1-35 


.10 


4-65. 


966 


1 194 


809 


241.50 


Average 


1.27 


.108 


4-75 


1029 


1169.16 


882.23 


257-25 



Each piece broke with moderate length of fracture, and very 
fibrous. 

TENSILE EXPERIMENTS. (Laslett.) 



Number of 
Specimen 


Dimensions of | Specific 
each piece Gravity- 


Weight 

the piece 

broke with 


Direct cohesion 

on 

1 square inch 


7 
8 

9 
10 
11 
12 


Inches 

1 r 
1 i 

)■ 2 x 2 x so J. 

J i 


1147 
1 184 
1 '73 
1170 
1147 
1 194 


Lbs. 

32580 
44520 
46900 
34' 60 
34720 
51240 


Lbs. 
8820 
11130 

1 1725 
8540 
8680 

12810 


Average 




1 169 


40687 


10284 



17 



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EUCAL YPTUS. 



259 



VERTICAL EXPERIMENTS. 

(Laslett.) 



Number of 
the Specimen 


1 Inch 


2 Inches 


3 Inches 


4 Inches 


Crushed with 


Crushed with 


Crushed with 


Crushed with 


13-16 
17-20 

21-22 

23-24 


Tons 
4x00 
4.500 
4,625 

4-750 


Tons 

16.875 
16,750 
16.500 
17.000 


Tons 

37-6^5 
33.125 


Tons 
67.00 

64.25 ' 


Average 


44.69 


16,781 


35-375 


65.625 


Do. per inch 


4.469 


4.195 


3.931 


4.102 


U =1776,990 S = 2,701 



E. goniocalyx — Spotted gum, grey gum, white gum, 
blue gum and grey box. Wood hard, tough, and usually 
free from kino veins; durable, specially in ground; difficult 
to split. Uses; wheelwright, boat building, railroad ties; 
also good fuel. Color, pale yellow or brownish. 

E. hemiphloia — Yellow box, grey box, canarywood. 
Hard, tough, durable, very heavy and of great lateral 
strength. Uses : railroad sleepers, wheelwright work, piles, 
scantlings, planks, posts, mauls, large screws, cogs and 
ship building. Does not split easily. Color, yellow or very 
pale brown. Height 50 to 60 feet. Sp. gravity 1.230. 



cc £ 



a 

> 

pq 

55 
C 

P 

Q 
H 
H 



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M "3. 

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v 




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< 




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< 


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oypads aSBjaAy 


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ni ajn}dnii jo 

juioj }B uopoagsa 




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1 


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« 

oo" 


sqj ui a[dniBS 
UOB3 jo iqSpAV 


00 oo 


Sniisax jo 3}ecr 


00 00 

to fo 


•saaax jo 
jo uoisnamja 


About 
2ft. 

diameter 


•;no SBAi 
jaqmiX 3q} usqAi 
3}Ba aJBiuixoaddy 


Seasoned 
at least 
twelve 
months 


Locality 
Where 
Grown. 


a 

"S5 

a 

V 
V 

3 

a 



EUCAL YPTUS. 



261 



E. leucoxy Ion —South Australian blue gum. Durable, 
tough and of great lateral strength. Good in soil or water. 
Railroad sleepers, bridge piles and planking, naves and fel- 
loes of wheels, wagon shafts, telegraph poles, beams, axe 
handles. 63^ to 71 lbs. per cubic foot. Wood slightly 
greasy, which makes it good for cogs in heavy mill wheels. 
Close and straight grained. Color, pale yellow or pink. 



Deflection. 


Total 

weight 

required to 

break each 

piece. 


Value of 
strength, 

Iv W 
S= 

4BD2 


Specific gravity. 


With the 

Apparatus 

weighing 

780 lbs. 


At the 
crisis of 
breaking. 


Air dried. 


Absolutely 
dried. 


Inches 

•03 
•03 


Inches 

•63 
.60 


Pounds 
4192 

3977 


3 X 44 
2983 


I.028 
I.C61 


.908 
•913 



E. longifolia — Wooly butt. Very durable but deficient 
in strength and elasticity. Uses : Posts, sleepers, and 
especially recommended by Maiden for wood paving. Also 
used generally. Color, dark red, with wavy grain. Height 
100 to 130 feet. Specific gravity, 1.187 (68^ lbs. to cubic 
foot of dried wood). 

E. macrorrhyncha — Stringy bark. Hard, light, strong 
and close grained, and takes good polish. Chiefly used for 
fencing and wheelright work. Splits easily. Color, brown; 
sometimes pale. Height 50 to 100 feet. Specific gravity, 
937. A post of this wood set in the ground in 18 15 was 
dug up sound in 1861, (Sir William Macarthur). 



262 



EUCAL YPTUS. 



E. maculata — Spotted gum. Strong, close grained, dur- 
able. Splits easily. It is the coarsest grain of the Euca- 
lyptus. Uses : Shingles, staves, general building, street 
paving, shipbuilding, wheelwright work. Pretty, wavy 
grain. Color, dark yellow or brown. Height ioo to 150 
feet. Specific gravity, 1,035. 

E. maculata — Var. citriodora. Lemon scented gum. 
Similar wood to preceeding but lighter and more pliable. 
Specific gravity, .942. Height, 40 to 70 feet. 

E. marginata — Jarrah. Very celebrated for its powers 
of resisting marine molusca. Also for durability in ground. 
As we cannot grow this timber for commercial use and its 
value for piling has beeu elsewhere spoken of, it seems 
unnecessary to go further into its uses. Color, red. Hand- 
some ; takes good polish. 



TRANSVERSE EXPERIMENTS. 



{Las let t.) 





Deflections. 


M 


CO 


•0 
V, 




Cfl 






Number 

of the 
specimen. 


3 With the 
5- apparatus 
J weigh'g39olt 


After the 

weight wafe 

removed 


<~ be 
v o a 

w is 


p - m p< 

O •-; c3 

V 

u 


be 
'u 

p. 


Weight rec 

to speci 

gravity, i 


Weight req 

to brea 

one square 




Inch 


Inches 


Lb. 






Lb 


1 


2.85 


.10 


4.50 


743 


987 


753 


185-75 


2 


3-25 


■15 


4-SO 


638 


1049 


60S 


159-50 


3 


3-25 


•15 


5.00 


661 


977 


677 


165.25 


4 


3.50 


•15 


5-0° 


661 


1039 


636 


165.25 


5 


3-15 


.10 


4-50 


726 


1006 


722 


181.50 


6 


3-25 


.15 


4. 75 


685 


1002 


684 


171.25 


Total 


19-25 


.So 


28.25 


4114 


6060 


4080 


1028 50 


Average 


3-21 


■ *3Z 


4.71 


685 66 


IOIO 


680 


171.416 



EUCAL YPTUS. 



263 



TENSILE EXPERIMENTS. 

(Laslett.) 



Number of 
the Specimen 


Dimensions of 
each piece 


Specific 
Gravity 


1 Weight the piece 
broke with 


Direct cohesion 
on 1 square inch 




7 
8 


Inches 

J 2 x 2 x 30 j 


987 
1006 


1 Lbs. 
10.080 
13.440 


Lbs. 

2.5'0 

3-36o 


Total 




1993 


23-520 


5.880 


Average 




996 


11.760 


2.940 


Vertical 


or Crushing Strain on Cubes of Two Inches. 


No. 9 
Tons 
12.875 


No. 10 ' 
Tons 
13.000 


Vo. 11 
Tons 

12.625 


No. 12 
Tons 

12.750 


No. 13 
Tons 

12.750 


No. 14 
Tons 

12.750 


Total 1 Average 
Tons Tons 

76.75 12.792 


Ditto on. 

square inch 
Tons 

3-I98 




E = 296810 £ 


= 1800 



A recent paper (Oct. 29th, 1895,) by Prof. Maiden and 
J. V. DeCogne, goes into the question of piling resistant 
to cobra (teredo), they report great differences in the resist- 
ing powers of Jarrah in this regard. The paper is mainly 
on Turpine Timber vs. Toredo. The botanical name of 
this excellent tree is Syncarpia laurifolia, but it has not 
proved a reliable resistent to cobra. 



E. melliodora — Yellow Jacket. Yellow box. Honey - 
scented. Timber hard, tough, durable in water and under 
ground. Heavy; not fissile. Good fuel, and for wheelwright 
and other uses — telegraph poles etc., -but not for planking. 
Color, yellow. Height 40 to 50 feet. Specific gravity, .965 
to 1. 1 25, or from 60 to 70 pounds per cubic foot. 



264 



EUCALYPTUS. 



Experiments on the Transverse Strength of the 
Wood of Eucalyptus melliodora, by Baron Mueller and 
J. G. Luehmann. The specimens were 2 feet long and 
2 inches square. 



Deflection 


Total 




Specific Gravity 


With the 

Apparatus 

weighing 

780 lbs. 


At the 
crisis of 
breaking 


weight 

required to 

break each 

piece 


strength, 
W 
4BD2 


Air dried 


Absolutely 
dried 


Inches 

.06 
.08 


Inches 

•58 
•63 


Pounds 
2903 
2781 


2177 
2086 


1. 112 
1.040 


•947 
.876 



E. microcorys — Tallow-wood. Timber strong and durable 
above and below ground. Uses : Wheelwright and floor- 
ing, especially of ball rooms. Wood greasy, whence 
comes name. Color, yellow or yellowish brown. Height 
100 to 120 feet. 

E. microtheca— Black or Flooded Box, and other pre- 
fixes to boxwood. Very hard, heavy and elastic. Does well 
as piles and ties in railroad work and in building. Color, 
reddish to brown. A desert tree. 

E. obliqua — Stringy bark, Iron Box, Messmate, straight 
and fissile, easily worked and so more generally used than 
other Eucalypti for building, fencing, scantlings, shingles, etc. 
Has a tendency to warp. Near base has beautiful wavy 
figure ; very ornamental ; color buff or light brown. 



Experiments on the Transverse Strength of the 
wood of Eucalyptus obliqua, by Baron Mueller and J. G. 
Iyuehmami. The specimens were 2 ft. long and 2 in. 
square. 



EUCALYPTUS. 



265 



Deflection. 


Total 
weight 
required 

to 

break each 

piece. 


Value of 

strength, 

LW 

4BD2 


Specific Gravity. 


With 

the apparatus 

weighing 

780 lbs. 


At the crisis 
of breaking 


Air-dried. 


Absolutely 
dried. 


Inches. 

.12 
.14 


Inches. 
•50 
.48 


Pounds. 

2,053 
1,776 


1,54° 

i,332 


1.045 
• 935 


.867 
■783 



Subject like Jarrah and many other Eucalypti to defects 
due to kino veins. 



E. occidentalis — Flat-topped Yate. Timber hard, heavy 
strong and durable. Uses — fences, sleepers, posts, fuel ; also 
wheelwright work. Height, 30 to 80 feet. 

E. pilularis — Blackbutt. Also called Flintwood or Mount- 
ain Ash. Timber strong, durable, thoroughly safe and well 
tried. Uses — House building, bridges, planking, paving, 
etc. Prof. Maiden places this timber next to iron wood 
(Eucalyptus sideroxylon) and tallow- wood for general pur- 
poses. Next to Eucalyptus siderophloia it has endured a 
greater crushing strain than any other Eucalypti. Color 
generally pale or warm brown. Generally fissile, but occa- 
sionally refractory in this respect. Height 100 to 150 feet. 
Capt. Ward, R. E., found the deflection in a sample of 
this timber to be 1.35 inches, the material used being 4 
feet long by 2 inches square, loaded in the middle with a 
weight of 980 pounds, while' the elasticity remained unim- 
paired, breaking under a weight of 1,232 pounds. Specific 
gravity .990, (61 lbs. 14 oz. per cubic foot). Requires care 
in curing. 

E. polyanthema — Red Box. Den tree. Great durability 
is attributed to this wood. It is one of the most sought 
for wheelwright work, cogs for wheels, supports in mines, 
etc. One of the best fuels. It is very tough and hard. 



266 



EUCALYPTUS. 



"Its hardness is against its general use" — (Maiden). 
Color, handsome red or reddish brown. Height 50 to 70 
feet. 

Experiments on the Transverse Strength of the 
wood of Eucalyptus polyanthema, by Baron Mueller 
and J. G. Euehmann. The specimens were 2 feet long 
and 2 inches square. 



Deflection. 


Total 

weight 

required 

to break 

each 

piece. 


Value ot 
Strength, 
I,W 

4BD2 


Specific Gravity 


With the 

apparatus 

weighing 

780 lbs. 


At the 
crisis of 
Breaking 


Absolutely 
Air-dried. ! dried 


Inches. 
. 10 
.08 


Inches. 
.56 
.58 


Pounds. 
3215 

3'45 


241 1 
2359 


1.248 1. 031 
1.214 1. 010 



Height occasionally up to 250 feet. 
Victoria and New South Wales. 

E. resinifera — Red or forest mahogany. Has been 
often confused with siderophloia in timber tests. Very 
strong, durable, hard and sound. Particularly free from 
shakes. Hard to work. Uses — piles, ships' knees, etc., 
posts and general building. Smooth grain. Color, dark red 
or brown. Height 80 to 120 feet. 

E. robusta — White or swamp mahogany. Very durable, 
resists insect pests, not very fissile and very brittle. Uses 
— ship building, general building purposes, posts, etc. 
Color, reddish. Special gravity 1.098 air-dried; .889 abso- 
lutely dry. A slab seasoned over 25 years weighed 58 
pounds, 90 ounces to the cubic foot. Height 100 to 150 
feet. 19 per cent, kino-red. 

E. rostrata — red gum. Timber strong, durable, very 
hard when dry. Uses — piles, posts, especially in damp 



EUCALYPTUS. 



267 



ground ; sleepers, bridges, ship building and for general 
purposes. Next to Jarrah the most durable of the gums. 
16.62 per cent. Kino-red. Color, red — often very dark red, 
— curly and figured, takes a fine polish. Very handsome. 
One ton dried wood, 4 pounds pearl ash or 2^ pounds 
pure potash, (Mueller). Height up to 100 feet. 

Experiments on the Transverse Strength of the 
wood of Eucalyptus rostrata var. (Dark Red Gum), by 
Baron Mueller and J. G. Euehmann. The specimens 
were 2 feet long and 2 inches square. 



Deflection. 


Total 

weight 

required 

to 

break 

each 

piece. 


Value of 
Strength 

LW 

4BD2 


Specific Gravity. 


With 

the apparatus 

weighing 

780 lbs. 


At the 
crisis of 
breaking 


Air-dried 


Absolutely 
dried 


Inches. 

.10 
09 


Inches. 

•65 
.68 


Pounds. 

2539 
2417 


1904 
1S13 


1.645 

.984 


.874 
.809 



Eucalyptus rostrata var. (Pale Red Gum ) 



Deflection. 


Total 
Weight 
required 

to 

break 

each 

piece 


Value of 

Strength, 

LW 

4BD2 


Specific Gravity. 


With 

the apparatus 

weighing 

780 lbs. 


At the 
crisis of 
breaking 


Air-dried 


Absolutely 
dried 


Inches. 

.08 
.07 


Inches. 

•52 

.48 


Pounds. 

2781 
2712 


2086 
2034 


1.008 
.940 


•843 
.790 



E. saligna — Blue gum, New South Wales. Straight 
grower, fine for spars; very heavy; rather subject to shakes; 
cross-grained; does not burn readily; durable. Uses — gen- 
eral, but not greatly esteemed. Color, red or warm brown. 
Wavy grain. Height 100 to 120 feet. Often confused in 
tests with botryoids. 



268 



EUCALYPTUS. 



6. siderophloia — White mahogany ; also red iron-bark. 
"This timber has the highest reputation for strength and 
durability," (Maiden.) Very hard and heavy. Uses : 
General ; especially good for beams in warehouses where 
great strength is required. Sought for spokes, ship-build- 
ing, etc. Color, dark red or brown. Wavy grain. Specific 
gravity 1.15. Confused in tests with resinifera. 



TRANSVERSE EXPERIMENTS. 

(Laslett.) 



<u 

U V 

•° s 

£ 3 


Deflections 


u 

V 

bc°£l 

a 3 cfl 
o*t! 


> 

u 





s 


11 

a 


Weight Reduced 
to Specific 
Gravity, iooo 


•0 

V 

u 

2. ° 
^ a 

£ S 2 
be!: 3 

^ M 


With the Appa- 
ratus Weighing 
390 lbs. 


After the 
Weight was 
removed 


.2 M 

< 


1 
2 
3 

4 


Inches 

.85 
1. 00 

.90 
1,00 


Inch 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 


Inches 

3-75 
3-5° 
4.00 
4.00 


Pounds 
1460 

137° 
1400 
1400 


1 163 
1 146 
1 142 
1 1 16 


"55 
1195 
1226 
1254 


Pounds 
3650 
342.5 
35o.o 
350.0 


Total 


3-75 


.0 


15.25 


5630 


4567 


493° 


H07.5 


Average 


•94 


.0 


3.812 


1407.5 


1142 


1232 


351-9 


No. r — Wiry fracture, 16 inches in length. 
11 2 — 11 I2 .1 11 

" 3— " 10 " " 

" 4 — Broke short to one-third depth, then splintery fracture, 10 in. in length. 






EUCAL YPTUS. 



269 



TENSILE EXPERIMENTS. 

( Las let t.) 



Number of 
Specimen 


Dimensions of 
each piece 


Specific 
Gravity 


Weight 
the piece 
broke with 




Direct cohesion 

on 
1 Square Inch 


5 

6 

7 


Inches 
} 2 x 2 x 30 > 


1 142 
1 146 
1163 


Pounds 

34,160 
26,880 
39.48o 


Pounds 

8,540 
6,720 
9,870 


Total 




3451 


100,520 


25.130 


Average 




1 '50 


33,5°7 


8,377 


Vertical or Crushing Strain on Cubes of Two Inches 


No. 8 
Tons 

18.500 


No. 9 1 No. 10 
Tons Tons 
17,625 18500 


No. 11 
Tons 

19.000 


Total 
Tons 
73-625 


Average 
Tons 

18 406 


Ditto on 

1 Square Inch 

Tons 

4.601 


E = 960740 S = 3695 



E. sideroxylon — Ironbark. Straight bole. High reputa- 
tion for strength and durability (Maiden). One of the 
hardest and heaviest of Australian woods, durable. Uses: 
Piles, bridges, poles for drays, large beams, etc. Average 
weight, 75 to 78 lbs per cubic foot green; loses 3 to 5 lbs 
in first two years drying; subject to shakes, difficult to 
dress, fine fuel; color rich red or dark red, sometimes 
brown. Sp. gravity, 1.176. Height up to 200 feet. 



Q 

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X3A3f-B3S SAOqB nOIlBA3[J[ 


A few 

hundred 

:eet 


Aiaao saaax "H 3J3qAV 
noflBnuo^ jBoiSojoao 


u 

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qiguaajs 35 pads 

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00 

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saqonj. ui 
noijoauaa 38bj3av 


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saqoni ni ajnjdnn 
jo jmox IB noiioayaa 




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lqSpAV 3upi.B3.iH 38b.»av 




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Locality 
Where 
Grown 


Toongabbie, 
Gippsland 


1 v 

o * 

m 


Eucalyptus | 
leucoxylon, ! 
F.v.M. [ 
Eucalyptus | 
sideroxylon i 
A. Gunn. J 



EUCAL YPTUS. 271 

E. Stuartiana — Apple scented gum. Hard and durable 
and well spoken of for underground work ; also spoken of 
as poor. Not easily split. Uses: Fence posts, planks, 
sleepers, etc. Takes a polish well. Color, wavy brown or 
red. Height, 60 to 90 feet. Specific gravity 1.010 air dried. 

E. tereticornis — Red gum ; also called grey gum, blue 
gum and flooded gum. Timber practically same as rostrata. 

E. viminalis — Manna gum ; also white gum. Reputa- 
tion of timber poor ; not so durable as other Eucalyptus 
that are much used. Used for fences, shingles and gener- 
ally in building ; center or heart wood no use. Color, pale. 
Height, 320 feet. Specific gravity .954. 



2 7 2 EUCAL YPTUS. 



SONE ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIAN AND VERNACULAR NAMES 
OP SPECIES OP EUCALYPTUS. 



It will be noticed by this list that vernacular names, 
with very few exceptions, are confused and uncertain. 
Each distinct district in Australia has a nomenclature of 
the Eucalyptus more or less individual. In cases where 
1 had information as to the district in which a name was 
current I have added the district after the scientific name. 



Apple-scented Gum — B. Stuartiana. 

Arang-nulta — E. tereticornis. 

Ash, Morton Bay — E. tessellaris. 

Arang-Mill — E. terminalis. 

Ash-Mountain — E. pauciflora, E. amygdalina, E. pilularis (N. S. W.), 

E. Siberiana (N.'S. W.), E. Stuartiana. 
Ash, Mountain Black — E. sideroxylon, E. goniocalyx, E. Sieberiana. 

B 

Ballook — E. globulus (Gippsland). 

Bangalay — E. botryoides (N. S. W.) 

Barroul — Goura. E. tereticornis. 

Bcnaroon — E. pilularis (N. S. W.) 

Bembill — E. populifolia. 

Biall — E. rostrata. 

Binnak — E. botryoides (East Gippsland). 

Binnap — E. viminalis (Victoria). 

Blackbutt — E. haemastonia, E. patens, E. pilularis, E. piperita. 

Black Gum — E. stellulata. 

Black Sallee—n. stellulata. 

Blood Wood Tree — E. coryrnbosa, E. paniculata, E. trachyphloia. 

Blood Wood, Mountain — E. eximia. 

Blue Gum — E. globulus, E. goniocalyx, E. haemostoma, E. megacarpa. 
E viminalis (western N. S. W.), E. rudis, E. saligna, E. botryoides, 
E. tereticornis. E. leucoxylon, E. diversicolor, E. rostrata (Sydney). 



EUCALYPTUS. 2 73 

Boona — E. corymbosa (Queensland). 

Brown Gum — E. robusta. 

Box — E. hemiphloia, E. largiflorens, E. viminalis, E. niicrotheca, E. 

odorata. 
Box, Bastard — E. goniocalyx, E. punctata, E. largiflorens, E. micro- 

theca (N. S. W ), E. tereticornis, E. polyanthema. 
Box, Bembil — E. populifolia. 
Box, Black — E. largiflorens, E. niicrotheca (Queensland), E. obliqua, E. 

stellulata, E. Stuartiana (Queensland.) 
Box, Broad-leaved — E. acmenoides. 
Box, Brown — E. polyanthema. 
Box, Dwarf— E. niicrotheca. 

Box, Flooded — E. niicrotheca (Gulf of Carpentaria.) 
Box, Gray — E. goniacalyx, E. polyanthema, E. largiflorons, E. saligna 

(N. S. W.) 
Box-Gum Topped — E. hemiphloia. 
Box, Iron-Barked — E. obliqua. 
Box, Narrow-Leaved — E. microtheca. 
Box, Poplar — E. populifolia. 
Box, Red — E. polyanthema, E. populifolia. 
Box, Shining — E. populifolia. 
Box, Thozefs E. Ravertiana. 

Box, White — E. hemiphloia, E. odorata, E. populifolia. 
Box, Yellow — E. melliodora, E. largiflorens. 
Brittle Gum — E. hsemostoma. Variety micrantha. 
But But — E. Stuartiana. 

c 

Cabbage Gum — E. Sieberiana. 

Callaille — E. microtheca. 

Canary Wood — E. hemiphloia. 

Carbeen — E. tesseloris. 

Creek Gum — E. rostrata (Western N. S. W.) 

Cider Gum — E. Gunnii. 

Cooly Bah — E. microtheca. 

Cooburn — E. largiflorens. 

Corang — E. tessillaris. 

Crimson Flowered Gum — E. ficifolia. 

D 

Dadangba — E. robusta. 
Dargan — E. melliodora. 
Den — E. polyanthema. 
Desert Gum — E. gracilis. 
Drooping Gum — E. pauciflora, E. viminalis. 
18 



j> 74 EUCALYPTUS. 

E 

Easip — E. leucoxylon. 

Egola — E. populifolia (N. Queensland). 

F 

Eat Cake — E. leucoxylon. 

Fever Tree — E. globulus. 

Forest Gum — E. rostrata (Queensland). 

Flooded Gum — E. discipiens. E. rudis, E. saligna. E. tereticornis, E. 

Gunnii (S. W.), E. pauciflora, E. rostrata. 
Flint IVood—K pilularis. 
Fluted Gum — E. salubris. 

Q 

Giant Gum — E. amygdalina. 

Gimlet Gum — E. salubris. 

Goborta or Gobboro — E. microtheca (Western N. S. W.) 

Guorpin — E. robusta. 

Gray Gum — E. crebra, E. Raveretiana, E. saligna, E. tereticornis, E. 

resinifera, E. punctata, E. stuartiana, E. viminalis (Sydney,) 
Green Gum — E. stellulata. 
Gum Top — E. Sieberiana. 
Gunnung — E. robusta, (N. S. W.) 

H 

Hickory — E. punctata, E. resinifera. 



I 
Iluiiiba — E. tessellaris. 
Iron Bark — E. crebra, E. sideroxylon, E. paniculata, E.siderophloia, E. 

Sieberiana, E. resinifera, E. largiflorens. E. macrorryncha (McAllister 

River.) 
Iron Bark. Broad-leaved — E. siderophloia. 
Iron Bark, Lemon-scented — E. Stageriana (Queensland). 
Iron Bark, Narrow-leaved — Red, white or grey — E. crebra. 
Iron Bark, Red—Z. paniculata (N. S. W.) 
Iron Bark, Red, Flowered — E. sideroxylon. 
Iron Bark, She — E. paniculata. 

Iron Bark, Silver-leaved — E. pruinosa, E. melanophloia. 
Iroti Bark, White — E. paniculata. 
Iron Gum — E. Raveretiana. 



EUCALYPTUS. 275 

J 



Jarrah — E. inarginata. 

Jerrile — E. marginata. 

Jimbul Kurleah — E. microtheca (N. Queensland). 

Jimmy Low — E. resinifera. 

Jundete — E. acmenoides (N. S. W.) 

K 

Kangara — E. citriodora. 

Karri — E. diversieolor. 

Kimbarra — E. robusta (Queensland.) 

Kino — E. resinifera, E. siderophloia. 

Kurra-Gurra — E. hsetnostoina (Queensland.) 

Koloneu — E. microtheca (Queensland.) 



Lead Gum—B. stellulata (N. S. W.) 
Leather Jacket — E. punctata. 
Lignum Vitce — E. polyanthetna. 
Lemon-scented Gum — E. citriodora. 

M 

Maalok — E. obcordata. 

Mahogany — E. marginata. 

Mahogany Bastard — E. botryoides. 

Mahogany Forest — E, microcorys, E. resinifera. 

Mahogany Red — E. resinifera. 

Mahogany Swamp — E. robusta. 

Mahogany White — E. acmenoides. 

Mallee — E. gracilis, E. oleosa, E. incrassata, E. uucinata. This scrub or 

brush growth is called by the natives Weir Mallee. 
Mallee Ooldea — E. pyriformis (S. A.) 
Manna Gum — E. viminalis, E. amygdalina (N. S. W.) 
Messmate — E. amygdalina, E. piperita, E. obliqua, E. macrorryncha. 
Mountain Apple — E. goniocalyx. 
Mountain Gum — E. tereticornis. 
Morrel — E. macrocarpa. 
Muzzle Wood — E. stellulata. 
Mungurra, or Mungara — E. tereticornis (N. S. W.) 

N 

Nankeen Gum — E. populifolia (N. A.) 
Narulgun — E. hemiphloia. 



2 7 6 EUCALYPTUS. 

o 

Ooragmandee — E. fcecunda. 

P 

Peppermint — E. Stuartiana, E. amygdalina, E. piperita, E. viminalis 
(Victoria), E. odorata, E. capitellata, E. microcorys (Queensland.) 

Peppermint, Narrow-leaved — Brown or White. E. amygdalina. 

Poplar-leaved Gum — E. polyanthema. 

Red Gum — E. rostrata, E. melliodora (Victoria), E. odorata (S. A.), E. 
punctata, E. calophylla, E. tereticornis, E. resinifera, E. Stuartiana 
(Tasmania), E. amygdalina (Victoria), E. Gunnii (N. S. W.) 

Red Wood — E. piperita. 

Ribbony Gum — E. viminalis (Southern N. S. W.) 

River Gum — E. rostrata (N. S. W. and Queensland.) 

Rushy Gum — E. eximia. 

S 

Salmon Barked — E. salmonophloia. 

Sallee — E. stellulata. 

Scarlet-Flowered Gum — E. miniata, E. phcenicea. 

Scribbly Gum — E haemastoma. 

Silky Gum — E. saligna (N. S. W.) 

Spear Wood — E. doratoxylon. 

Slaty-Gum — E. largiflorens, E. tereticornis (N. S. W.) 

Spotted Gum — E. maculata, E. goniocalyx, E. haeinostoma, E. capitellata 
(New England district of N. S. W.) 

Stringy Bark — E. obliqua, E. capitellata, E. macrorryncha, E. piperita, 
E. tetrodonta, E. amygdalina (N. S. W.), E. acmenoides (Queens- 
land), E. Baileyana, E. pilularis, E. Sieberiana, E. Stuartiana. 

String Bark Silver-leaved — E. pulverulenta. 

Stringy Bark White — E. piperita, E. eugenioides, E. capitellata. 

Sugar Gum — E. corynocalyx, E. Gunnii (S. E. Australia.) 

Swamp Gum — E. Gunnii, E. amygdalina, E. rudis, E. pauciflora, E. 
viminalis. 

T 

Tall ozu- Wood — E. microcorys. 

Teheeigun — E. pilularis (Queensland). 

Tanderoo — E. siderophloia (Queensland). 

Tangoon ~\ 

or l E. microtheca. 

Targoon J 

Tea Tree — E. Stuartiana (Queensland). 

Tee — E. microcorys. 

Tewart ~\ 

Touart \ E. gomphocephala. 

Tooart S 



EUCAL YPTUS. 277 

Tjellat — E. tereticornis. 

Toi — E. pilularis (Queensland). 

Turpentine — E- pulverulenta, E. microcorys, E. punctata, E. vStuartiana. 

u 

I 'rara — E. citriodora. 

W 

Wandoo — E. redunca. 

Wangara — E. amygdalina. 

Wanguarra — E. obliqua. 

Wangee — E. microcorys. 

Weeping Gum — E. pauciflora (Tasmania), E. viminalis (N. S. W.) 

White Gum — E. amygdalina, E. goniocalyx, E. haemostoma, E. leucoxy- 
lon, E. paniculata, E. pauciflora, E. redunca, E. populifolia (Queens- 
land), E rostrata (S. A.), E. saligna, E. viminalis, E. gompliocephala, 
E. Gunnii. 

White Top— IS. pilularis (N. S. W.) 

Willow— E. pilularis (N. S. W. ) 

Woollybutt — E. longifolia, E. botryoides, E. Raveretiana, E. viminalis, 
E. Sturtiana (N. S. W.) 

Woolgook — E. obliqua (Victoria). 

Y 

Yandee — E. foecunda. 

Yangoora — E. macrorryncha, E. capitellata, E. piperita. 

Yarrah — E. rostrata (Western Interior). 

Yale or Yeit — E. cornuta. 

Y ate — Flat-topped — E. occidentalis. 

Y'athoo — E. microtheca. 

Yellow Blood Wood — E. eximia. 

Y'ellow Gum — E. Gunnii, E. punctata. 

Yellozv Jacket — E. ochrophloia, E. peltata, E. rostrata (Queensland). 

Yen'ick — E. sideroxylon (Gippsland). 

York Gum — E. foecunda (E. loxophleba). 

Yownt — E. Sieberiana. 

The vernacular names current in California for species 
of the Eucalyptus are as follows: 

Blue gum — E. globulus only. 

Manna gum — E. viminalis. 

Red gum — E. rostrata, E. tereticornis, and, in error, E. viminalis, E. 

occidentalis, E. resinifera. 
Sugar gum — E. corynocalyx. 
Yate — H. cornuta. 



278 EUCAL YPTUS. 



EUCALYPTUS 0IL6, 



The use of Eucalyptus oils is constantly increasing in 
medicine and yet the marked differences in the oils derived 
from different species of Eucalyptus does not seem to have 
been realized by the physician or by the apothecary. Gen- 
erally several species of Eucalyptus are recognized as reli- 
able sources of medicinal oils; amongst these may be named 
Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus amygdalina. The first 
of these contains about 60 per cent of Eucalyptol to which 
its medicinal value is attributed. The chemical formula 
of this is C I0 H^ O. Eucalyptus amygdalina on the other 
hand contains but a trace of Eucalyptol, if any. It has a 
number of forms, the oils of which differ considerably from 
each other, all of them however have Eucalyptol replaced 
by Phellandrene. The chemical form of Phellandrene is 
Cio H l6 . It is clear that whatever value Phellandrene may 
have in medicine it cannot be properly put in a prescription 
that calls for Eucalyptol or an oil containing it. The in- 
creased use of the Eucalyptus oils derived from the solid 
plantations of E. globulus in California and in Algiers is 
thus seen to rest upon reasonable grounds and must 
give increased reliability to medicinal preparations from 
the Eucalyptus. Eucalyptol is best recognized and known 
in its therapeutic effects, but Phellandrene is also known 
to have very similar effects and may be as good or better 
than Eucalyptol. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 279 

The different and in some cases contradictory reports I 
have seen on the Eucalyptus oils induced me to secure the 
aid of S. M. Woodbridge, Ph. D., in making some ex- 
aminations of these oils taken from species identified here. 
I give the result of the doctor's work in his own words. 
I also reproduce a recent article by Prof. J. H. Maiden, 
taken from the Chemist and Druggist of Australasia, March, 
1895. Samples of the Eucalyptus oils made by Dr. Wood- 
bridge, will be placed in the Los Angeles Chamber of Com- 
merce. 

One of the results of Dr. Woodbridge 's distillations has 
been to determine me in recognizing several species not 
recognized by Baron Von Mueller. Where in addition to 
bud, flower and fruit differences, as for instance, between 
Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus Mortoniana, we have 
oil derived from the foliage almost at the extremes of dif- 
ference in the genus in yield and character, we may well 
agree to recognize specific rank in each case. In other 
species while the difference in the oils is not so great it is 
still sufficiently marked to justify specific rank where now 
only forms or varieties are recognized. It was the oil that 
caused me to set up as a species Eucalyptus Californica 
from what was before deemed a form of Eucalyptus occi- 
dentalis. Eucalyptus Californica itself has two forms from 
only one of which could I obtain leaves for distillation and 
that the least attractive with a greenish yellow flower and 
more drooping habit. The beautiful Eucalyptus Californica 
with the crimson flower and so constantly in bloom at the 
Santa Monica Forestry Station, we have in only one tree. 

Amongst the striking results of the Woodbridge distil- 
lation we may note the following: 

Typical amygdalina gave 256.5 ozs. to the 1000 lbs. of 



2 8o EbCAL YPTUS. 

leaves. Eucalyptus amygdalina, var. regnans, gave 180.5 
ozs., while the var. angustifolia gave but 148.7. The oil 
from the first was a clear yellow, while the other two were 
green but of different shades. While all these bear a dis- 
tinctive pepperminty-Eucalyptus odor and taste they were 
markedly different from each other in intensity. The 
specific gravity of the first oil was at the extreme end of 
the line in lightness from that of the other two. Besides 
the three forms of amygdalina examined we have here two 
Others quite as distinct in appearance. I have no doubt 
that the botanic individuality of several forms of amygda- 
lina should be given specific rank if only from the deep- 
seated difference shown to exist by their oils. 

Eucalyptus sideroxylon, var. pallida, contains 181.36 oz. 
of oil. Eucalyptus sideroxylon, with green foliage and 
white flowers, contains 146.6 oz., and is next to Eucalyptus 
Stuartiana, the heaviest of the Eucalyptus oils examined. 
Eucalyptus leucoxylon, formerly taking in Eucalyp- 
tus sideroxylon as a form, contains bnt 33.3 oz. of oil. 
Eucalyptus globulus contains 134.8 oz., and Eucalyptus 
Mortoniana, suggested to be a form of Eucalyptus globulus, 
contains but 10.90 oz. 

The oils from Eucalyptus rostrata and Eucalyptus tereti- 
cornis appear to be as similar in character as they are in 
yield. This is in flat contradiction to the position of 
Schimmel & Co., as quoted by Maiden. The question then 
arises as to whether Schimmel & Co., had the oil of tereti- 
cornis. If they did we have no tereticornis here. The 
marked difference between rostrata and tereticornis is only 
in the bud according to what I can make out. The bud 
cap of tereticornis is like a candle snuffer or sugar loaf, 
while that of rostrata is drawn down to a beak-like form. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 281 

The accompanying plates of these two flowers can be 
studied. What I have recently noted in groves and plan- 
tations of rostrata is a tendency in the bud caps to vary 
toward the tereticornis form. The similarity of the oils 
suggests the possible propriety of reducing tereticornis to a 
form of rostrata. 

Mr. Joseph Bosisto, one of the first and largest pro- 
ducers of Eucalyptus oil, of Victoria, Australia, gives the 
following as his experience in the yield of Eucalyptus oils 
from the various species. 

From 1000 lbs. fresh leaves with their stalklets and 
branchlets. 

Eucalyptus viminalis. 7 oz. 

melliodora 7 " 

" rostrata 15 " 

" obliqua 80 " 

" globulus 120 " 

' ' goniocalyx 150 " 

' ' leucoxylon 160 " 

oleosa (mixed with other species 

of mallee scrub) 200 " 

" amygdalina 500 " 

Mr. Bosisto's leucoxylon is probably the present sider- 
oxylon. Otherwise the marked differences are in Eucalyp- 
tus amygdalina, in which he doubles our highest yield ; in 
Eucalyptus obliqua which he also doubles ; and in Eucalyp- 
tus rostrata where he gets 15 oz. to our 55.54 oz., or about 
one-fourth of our yield. Such differences can not be plaus- 
ibly attributed to differences in the season of the year when 
the foliage was gathered or to the soil or situation of the 
trees tried, although these points would doubtless become 
appreciable to some extent after study. Just indeed as 
oranges show differences in the yield and character of the 
fruit according to the condition and climate to which the 



282 EUCALYPTUS. 

orchards are subjected, so also Eucalyptus oils from the 
same species in different places may be presumed to some- 
what vary. But as a blood orange cannot be expected on 
a navel tree, nor a pomola grape fruit on a St. Michael, 
nor a lemon on any orange tree, so we could not get 15 
oz. from 1000 lbs. of Eucalyptus rostrata leaves in Aus- 
tralia and 55^ oz. from rostrata in California. We assume 
that Mr. Bosisto did not have the foliage of rostrata, but 
that of some other tree. 

The oil of Eucalyptus Staigeriana alluded to by Prof. 
Maiden has a very attractive oil containing citral. It is 
spoken of as the most delicately fragrant of the Eucalyptus 
oils. The tree seems to be quite unknown to Australian 
seedsmen. The habitat of this tree is in Queensland, I 
believe, on the Palmer River, though I have been unable 
to find or recall the authority for this statement. Dr. 
Woodbridge feels that only the door has been opened in 
his examinations on the specie characteristics of Eucalyptus 
oils. 



EUCALYPTUS. 283 



EUCALYPTUS OILS. 



By S. M. Woodbridge, Ph. D. 



Chemical authorities in technical works and encyclope- 
dias have always divided the oils from the products of 
growth in two classes : 

1. Fixed or fatty oils, and 

2. Essential or volatile oils. 

The fixed or fatty oils are described as follows : Char- 
acterized by their ability to communicate to paper and like 
substances a permanent translucent grease-spot, and they 
caimot be volatilized except by "destructive distillation" 
at high temperatures. 

The essential or volatile oils are described as not being 
oleaginous to the touch and make no permanent grease- 
spot ; they are distilled at various temperatures, unchanged. 

Accepting these definitions as true, and it does not 
appear that they have ever been questioned, it is difficult 
to see how the oils of the various Eucalypti can be defined 
under either of the above classes. Of a large variety that 
have been tried all are unctious to the tou:h but leave no 
permanent grease-spot on paper nor does it require a 
"destructive distillation" to volatilize the greater portion 
of them, although the last portions of all of them that 
have been tried, require a ''destructive distillation;" 
neither, on the contrary, do they volatilize at ordinary 
temperature nor volatilize at all unchanged, but a variety 
of products come over at different temperatures far above 
the boiling point of water, each of which has very different 
characteristics from the oil and from every other product 
obtained. 



284 EUCAL YPTUS. 

The Eucalyptus oil might be described as a "compound 
oil," some of the constituents of which volatilize at various 
temperatures with a residue that cannot be volatilized except 
by "destructive distillation." 

The Eucalyptus oils of commerce are obtained from 
the leaves of the different varieties of Eucalyptus, by dis- 
tillation in an ordinary still and condensing coil. The best 
results were obtained when the steam pressure in the boiler 
was maintained at not less than eighty pounds, and when 
the leaves were put in the still loosely in such a way that 
they could not pack down. Repeated trials show that by 
crowding the still a loss of between twenty-five and twenty- 
eight per cent, resulted; i. e., less oil would come over 
when the leaves were packed in the still, or allowed by 
their own weight to pack down. This packing of the 
leaves can be avoided by putting in a layer of leaves, say, 
one foot in thickness, then a porous frame or lattice rack 
made to rest on the sides of the still or cage. On this 
frame or rack another layer of leaves could be placed, and 
on these another frame, and so on, until the cage or still 
was filled. The reason for this want of recovering all the 
oil in a closely packed still will be readily understood when 
it is considered that the oils are non-volatile at the tem- 
perature of the steam within the still, but are taken up 
mechanically by the steam and carried over with it. 
The pressure in the still never exceeded fifteen pounds, 
therefore the heat could not have exceeded 248 degrees, F., 
a temperature at which only a very small portion of 
oil will volatilize. 

The following table will show the amounts of oil yielded 
by some 26 varieties of Eucalyptus, together with their 
specific gravities and colors : 



EUCAL YPTUS. 



285 



Eucalyptus. 



Amount of 

Oil in 1000 

lbs leaves 

Av. Oz. 



Specific 
Gravity 



Color 



Amygdalina 

Amygdalina Regnans 

Amygdalina angustifolia... 
Sideroxylon, var. pallida... 

Sideroxylon 

Globulus 

Occidentalis 

Occidentalis Californica... 

Citriodora 

Pauciflora 

Rostra ta 

Di versicolor 

Tereticornis 

Obliqua 

Stuartiana 

Leucoxylon 

Botry oides 

Macrorrhyncha 

Cornuta 

Mortoniana 

McClatchiei 

Viminalis 

Calophylla 

Rudis 

Siderophloia 

Gunnii 



256.5 
180.5 

148.7 

181.36 

149.6 

134.8 

101.4 
95-8 
80.52 
67.17 

55-44 

54- 18 

5L34 

46.34 

39-17 

33-3 

3I-I3 

19-5 

27.1 

10.90 

12.15 

n-5 

11. 

Nom. only 

None 



878 
9163 
9149 
9176 
921 1 

9143 
9146 

9^3 
8797 
8792 
8942 

913 
892 
8912 
9239 



\ Clear, yellow 
I tinge" 
Nile green 

Greenish tinge 

Nile green 

Dark olive green 
^ Light greenish 
( yellow- 
Light yellow 
( Light j^ellow 
] greenish tinge 
Water white 

Light lemon gr'n 

Amber 

Lemon yellow 

Deep yellow 

Port wine 

Bistre 

Sap green 



Olive yellow 
( Light emerald 
I green 
i Dark emerald 
I green 



286 EUCAL YPTUS. 

A mere glance at the above table will show how very 
different in color, specific gravities, and amounts of yield 
the different varieties of Eucalyptus are and the character- 
istic odors are as diversified as their other points, indeed 
they are so different that it might be possible to identify 
the variety by its oil. 

The variety Gunnii yielded no oil, but during distilla- 
tion, an non-condensible vapor came over, which had a tem- 
perature of 58 degres, F., and filled the room with the char- 
acteristic odor of bitter almonds. 

Of all the twenty-six varieties distilled, but seven or 
eight seem to yield sufficient oil to pay for extracting and 
the maufacturer should see to it that other varieties of 
leaves are not allowed to be mixed with these varieties 
when buying. Indeed, only one variety of leaves should 
be placed in the still at one time ; this rule should be 
carried out until such time as the value of each variety of 
oil could be determined. 

Re=distillation. 

With the single exception of citriodora oil, it is neces- 
sary to re-distill Eucalyptus oils and they all carry some 
trace of their original color with them. If, however, they 
are re-distilled with from three to four times their weight 
of water, always using the water of distillation from first 
distillation and one part in forty of caustic potash of the 
best quality, such as Babbit's, a water white oil can be 
obtained. 

On partial distillation of the Eucalyptus globulus about 
4 per cent, comes over at a temperature below 170 degrees 
C, from 57 to 60 per cent, comes over between 175 and 180 



EUCAL YPTUS. 287 

degrees C, and twenty-four to twenty-six per cent, from 
180 to 230, after which a "destructive distillation" begins. 
In making a series of re-distillations and partial distil- 
lations, Mr. E. M. Wade, gave his very valuable assistance 
and it is cause for regret that neither time nor opportunity 
has enabled us to decide what were the different products 
of these partial distillations with the single exception of 
that portion of the oil which came over between 175 and 
180 degrees, which is Eucalyptol, but we cannot agree with 
the authority which follows, that it crystallizes at a tem- 
perature of one degree C, or at any other lower temper- 
ature. 



THE CHEMISTRY OF THE AUSTRALIAN INDIGENOUS 
VEGETATION. 



Presidential Address of M. J. H. Maiden, F. C. S., F. E. S., &c, 
President of Section B. Chemistry, &c. 



Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science. 

(Cineol is the same as Eucalyptol K.) 



Eucalyptus Oil. 

The scientific investigation of individual Eucalyptus Oils is in a very 
incomplete state, and from the special circumstances connected with 
them, Australian chemists possess peculiar advantages for their examin- 
ation. They afford a peculiarly tempting subject for research. 

The Oleum Eucalypti of the B. P. of 1885 is defined as " the oil dis- 
tilled from the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Eucalyptus 
amygdalina, Labill., and probably other species of Eucalyptus. 

" Characters and Tests. — Colorless or pale straw-colored, becoming 
darker and thicker by exposure. It has an aromatic odor, and a spicy 
and pungent flavor, leaving a sensation of coldness in the mouth. It is 
neutral to litmus paper. Specific gravity about 0.900. Soluble in about 
an equal weight of alcohol." 

The unsatisfactoriness or this definition is recognized by the British 
Pharmaceutical Conference, for in question 14 (1894 meeting) it is stated : 



288 EUCALYPTUS. 

— " Ol. Eucalypti B. P., a more precise definition of this oil is required." 
I very much regret that the researches on the numerous substances 
known as eucalyptus oil are not sufficiently complete to be available to 
the Committee appointed to prepare the new Pharmacopoeia. Whatever 
decision may be arrived at as regards standards for this oil must neces- 
sarily be based on imperfect information. 

Without taking note of well-marked varieties there are in Australia 
about 150 different kinds of eucalypti. A large number of these yield 
oil, or are capable of yielding it commercially ; even yet, with all the 
work that has been lavished on them, we have no accurate knowledge of 
10 per cent, of these oils. We have accurate (and more or less complete) 
knowledge of those oi Eucalyptus globulus, Labill., Eucalyptus amygda- 
lina, Labill., Eucalyptus cneorifolia, Eucalyptus macula ta, var. citriodora, 
and meagre knowledge of a few others. Why ? Mainly because of the 
difficulty of obtaining authentic material for research, except from stills 
situate in the midst of a forest of Eucalyptus of one species and no other. 
I am perfectly certain from my own tests, and from my botanical knowl- 
edge of the districts from which oils labelled in a particular way were 
obtained, that the oils of many workers are often mixed oils. In adding 
to my collection of oils for research I have endeavored to call in the aid 
of distillers in different parts of the country, with the view to have the 
stills charged with one kind of leaves and no other, but the owners are 
often very suspicious, and their oils are not to be relied upon for research 
work. Amongst what I may call educated distillers, very few are will- 
ing to submit their oils to the research analyst. 

I have bought a large number of oils in open market and have ac- 
quired other oils uncler special circumstances, but as regards the oils of 
many species, I find my only course is to distil them myself. The still is 
under construction in the Technical College, and I have made arrange- 
ments to send my own collector to collect leaves botanically true. I thus 
begin on the bed-rock, just as I have with gums, tans and timbers. My 
only regret is that from the nature of things, the research must be pro- 
tracted. Meantime, I have a good deal of material to work upon, more 
in fact than I can get through with in a considerable period with the 
present demands on my time. In this connection I would point out that 
if country pharmaceutical chemists have neither the time nor the inclina- 
tion for research work on Eucalyptus oils, they could do yeoman service 
in the matter by supervising the distillation of Eucalyptus oils true to 
name for research purposes. 

Eucalyptus globulus. Labill. — This is a Tasmanian and Victorian 
tree which is practically unknown in the other colonies to the average 
citizen. It has been largely planted in other countries, and so often 
written about that many people — even in these colonies — think that there 
is but one Eucalyptus, and its name is globulus. In other words, that 



EUCAL YPTUS. 289 

Eucalyptus and globulus are convertible terms. This accounts for the 
preponderance of the literature of Eucalyptus globulus. At the same time 
Eucalyptus globulus is an oil which may readily be obtained in a state 
of purity, so that the researches of vSchimmel, Wilkinson, and other 
modern workers referring to it may be relied upon. 

This oil is largely in favor in Europe. The Eucalyptus plantations 
of Algeria now yield a considerable quantity of oil, and there is a ten- 
dency to supplant the oil produced by the native country of the species. 
I observe that Schirnmel & Co. , guarantee 60 per cent, of Cineol in their 
oil and absence of Phellandrene, " which latter constituent is present in 
Australian oil." * 

Schimmel gives the percentage of yield of oil from raw material from 
1.6 per cent. In Gippsland the usual percentage is perhaps 1.25 to 1.5. 
The same firmf also gives the sp. gr. at 15 deg. C. at from .91 to .93. A 
complete analysis shows the presence of Valeraldehyde, Butyraldehyde ; 
Capronaldehyde, and Pinene, in addition to Cineol. Optical rotation, 1 
deg. to 20 deg. Wilkinson gives the specific gravity from .89 to 95. 
Usually it is well over .9, readily satisfying the requirements of the B. P. 

in this respect. 

* Bericbt, October, 1893. 
t Bericbt, October, 1893, p. 19. 

Eucalyptus amygdalina, Labill. — This tree, which principally goes 
underthename of "Peppermint" of one sort or another, is found in 
Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia and New South Wales, being more 
widely distributed in the last colony than it was supposed to be. It is 
not only very abundant but it grows to a very large size, and its oil yield 
is comparatively great (2 to 3 per cent.) We know very little yet of the 
variation in the oils of the Eucalyptus caused by different circumstances 
of habitat, size and season of growth of the trees. My experiments with 
amygdalina tend to show that its specific gravity is low (say from .862 to 
.885 in ordinary samples); it contains but little Cineol, and an over- 
whelming proportion of Phellandrene. I observe, however that Wil- 
kinson * gives the specific gravity of oil of this species (taking only two 
decimals) at .85 to .89, and from .91 to .96 (a blended oil.) 

* Proc.^. S , Vict. 2, vi. 197. 

E. amygdalina is very largely sold in Australia under the generic 
term of " Eucalyptus Oil," but it is also a great deal used for blending, 
so that I doubt whether much arrives in England in the pure state. In 
fact blending is a good deal more resorted to than is usually imagined. 

Schimmel & Co. state that the oil of Eucalyptus crebra, and E. hemi- 
phloia are very rich in Cineol.* The former is the narrow-leaved " Iron- 
bark " and the latter is " Grey Box." Both trees are very abundant, 
and should be tested for oil yield. The same firm also state that the oil 
19 



. 2 go EUCAL YPTUS. 

of E. microcorys, F. v. M. (Tallow Wood) contains Cineol, has a sp. gr. 
of .935, and boils between 160 and 200 .| Staiger states that the leaves 
yield about 2 per cent, of oil, and I certainly think that this is a species 
which should be carefully tried by the distiller. E. odorato, Behr (sp. gr. 
.907), containing Cuminol in addition to Cineol, should also be tried. 
Schimmel also states that E. populifolia, Hook, contains " a fair propor- 
tion of Cineol. I have recently examined the oil E. pulveruletita (Ar- 
gyle Apple), which has not been previously described. It is of a bright 
green color, like Cajeput, has a specific gravity of .9145 at 23 degs. C, 
gives excellent results for Cineol, and shows only the slightest indica- 
tions of Phellandrene. When re-distilled, aldehydes comtnence to come 
over at no deg. C. and between this and 171 deg. C, when the tempera- 
ture becomes stationary, 10 per cent, has distilled over. An additional 
.85 per cent, comes over between 171 degs. and 195 degs. This distillate is 
a very good oil, only showing a slight tinge of green, is rich in Cineol 
and almost free from Phellandrene. It has a sp. gr. of .912 at 25 degs. 
kC. This oil is very full of promise, and I intend to further examine it. 

*Btricht, April, 1893, p. 38. 
fib., Oct. 1893, p. 21. 

"Schimmel has examined the oil of E. rostrata, Schlecht.* (Murray 
red gum). Its sp. gr. at 15 degs. C. is .924, and optical rotation 12 58'. 
Besides Cineol, it contains valeraldehyde. This species is worthy of 
proper practical tests. The same firm, however, find no Cineol in a 
Queensland sample of E. tereticomis oil. If this be confirmed it will be 
remarkable, considering the close botanical affinity of this and the pre- 
ceding species. 

* r Bericbt, Oct. 1893, p. 21. 

For practical purposes it is convenient to deal with the inallee oils 
•separately. The vegetation of Kangaroo Island, South Australia, is 
mainly composed of a mallee — the "narrow-leaf peppermint" (E. cneori- 
folia) — and it yields an oil of high specific gravity and Cineol percent- 
age, and contains little or no aldehyde. The oil of E. dumosa is also 
valuable. That of E. oleosa has been examined by Schimmel,* who pro- 
nounces it to contain both Cineol and Cuminol. Itssp. gr. at 15 deg. C. 
-is .915 to .925, and optical rotation 3 deg. and 5 deg., Wilkinson. 

Bericbt, Oct., 1893, p. 2r. 

The term oleosa has, however, been sometimes used in a generic 
sense, and hence we cannot always guarantee that the oils labeled ' ' ole- 
osa " are the sole product of E. oleosa, F. v. M. There are other species 
of Mallee, but as some confusion has arisen in regard to their various 
products a monograph of Mallee oils would be invaluable. 

Under the head of " Scented or Perfume Oils," that of E. maculata, 



EUCAL YPTUS. zgi 

Hook., var. Citriodora, stands pre-eminent. It has contained* as much 
as 95 percent, of citronellon and 5 per cent, of geraniol. It is soluble in 
from 4 to 5 parts of 70 per cent, alcohol. One sample was optically inac- 
tive, another slightly dextrogyre. Boils between 209 deg. and 220 deg., 
sp. gr. .87 to .90,* but .87 to .88, according to Wilkinson. 

The oil of the " Lemon-scented Ironbark " (E. Staigeriana) F. v. M. 
is even more sweetly scented. It is high in oil yield. Its sp. gr. at 15 
deg. C. is .88, and it boils between 223 deg. and 233 deg. It contains 
Citral.f Owing to their volatile nature these oils have not been that 
commercial success it was hoped they would have been. 

*Bericht, October, 1893. fib- 

Cineol (Eucalvptol) is represented by the formula Cio H16 O. Its 
specific gravity is .930, and boiling point 176-177 deg. C. It is a colorless 
and transparent liquid, is optically inactive, and belongs to the Camphor 
Group. It crystallises at a low temperature ( 1 deg. C), and this property 
enables it to be separated (by repeated crystallizations) in a pure state 
from mixtures containing it. In our warm climate the separation of crys- 
tallizable Cineol is attended with difficulty, particularly if it contain ter- 
penes, for those bodies are solvent in Cineol. In fact the presence of 
Cineol in an oil rich in turpenes is very difficult to detect, and hence such 
oils have often been returned as containing no Cineol, when, as a matter 
of fact, they do contain it. There are certain chemicals tests for the de- 
tection of Cineol, but they are by no means easy of application. 

It has been assumed, and it has been endeavored to prove, that Cin- 
eol is the only therapeutically active constituent of Eucalyptus oils. It 
is the practice of some to determine the value of Eucalyptus Oils simply 
according to the percentage of Cineol. But we must suspend our judg- 
ment in regard to Cineol being the only valuable constituent of Eucalyp- 
tus Oil. I am personally aware of beneficial effects which have attended 
the use (for inhalations, etc.) of oils which I have shown to practically 
consist of Phellandrene. Endeavors are made to completely replace 
Eucalyptus Oil in therapeutics by the pure body (Cineol). I do not dis- 
pute the therapeutic value of Cineol, and while I am fully aware of the 
advantage in therapeutics of dealing with a substance of defined chemi- 
cal composition, it will be found impossible in practice to supplant the 
innumerable Eucalyptus Oils of all degrees of Cineol content, and some 
of which are nearly or entirely destitute of it. 

Cineol has been included in the Pharmacopoeia of the United States. 
Tests imposed, in addition to those indicated above, are that equal parts 
of Cineol and soda-solution shaken together, must not change in propor- 
tion of volume; also, the alcoholic solution must not alter the color of 
litmus-paper, nor assume a brown or violet color by the addition of a 
drop of solution of ferric chloride, showing absence of phenols. 



2 g 2 EbCAL YPTUS. 

Pheflandrene. — This is one of the several free terpenes represented 
by the formula Cio H16. It is capable of existing in two optical modifi- 
cations, one turning the plane of polarized light to the left and the other 
to the right. It boils at about 170 degrees. 

With many writers on Eucalyptus Oils, it is a veritable pariah 
amongst terpenes, its presence disqualifying a Eucalyptus Oil. Those 
who object to its presence look upon it as a mere diluent of Eucalyptus 
Oil, stating that it possesses no medicinal properties that are not pos- 
sessed by the terpenes of the cheaper oil of turpsntine. At the same 
time we have no direct evidence that the terpene phellandrene is not a 
therapeutically active constituent of Eucalyptus Oil. In some it is en- 
tirely absent, in most it exists in greater or less quantity. It my be readily 
detected in an oil if treated with a concentrated solution of sodium ni- 
trate. If a few drops of glacial acetic acid be added to the mixture a 
copious formation of crystals of phellandrene nitrate (of a whitish color) 
ensues. 

Aldehydes. — The pungent and irritating odor of the oils of some 
species is owing to the presence of aldehydes, and fortunately there is no 
real difficulty in removing them by rectification. These cough-producing 
substances should always be removed, and I have heard a curious reason 
why manufacturers retain them in some oils. It is that the public like a 
pronounced flavor; some " fire in the oil," in fact. But I hope that the 
taste of the public will become enlightened, for these aldehydes may 
cause most serious results in persons suffering from throat, bronchial, or 
lung troubles, while I know of no compensating value whatever. 

At the same time there are some sweet-scented and non-injurious 
aldehydes, e.g., citronellon, which forms so large a proportion of the oil 
of E. maculata, var. citriodora. 

Various Eucalyptus oils contain other other constituents, but they 
are of minor importance. 



EUCAL YPTUS. 293 



N0TE6 AND CORRECTIONS. 



Through a most unfortunate revision after I had last 
seen the proofs several errors have crept into the page 
speaking of those who have assisted in this work. 

Prof. J. H. Maiden is not only a distinguished chemist 
but is also a leading botanist of Australia, but his botan- 
ical work was not alluded to. Prof. Maiden, F. L. S., F. 
C. S., etc., is curator of the technological museum, Syd- 
ney, consulting botanist to the Forest Department of New 
South Wales, and a well known and highly appreciated 
writer on Australian Economic Botany. 

Dr. B. E. Fernow has an "n" instead of a "w" at the 
end of his name. I am somewhat indebted to the works 
of Prof. Tomasi Crudeli, and regret to see his name mis- 
spelled. 

In line 28, page 25, the word "sort" should be "sport." 
On page 24 allusion is made to the use of Eucalyptus 
globulus in keeping boilers clean and free from incrustation. 
The foliage was at first used for this, but now we use the 
molasses-like black residue left after distilling the oil from 
the foliage. 



2 94 EUCAL YPTUS. 

The investigations of Prof. Maiden on the Eucalyptus 
kinos indicate that many of the statements previously made 
regarding the kino-contents of the wood of various species 
are inaccurate. 

A number of typographical mistakes occur, some of 
which require correction. On page 182, No. 10, Eucalyp- 
tus buprestium is misspelled. On page 184, No. 4, Euca- 
lyptus leucoxylon, there should be a description of Euca- 
lyptus sideroxylon as a distinct species. This can be had 
by a reference to the account of that tree. On page 192, 
No. 50, Eucalyptus tereticornis is misspelled. On page 193 
Eucalyptus Mortoniana, named for the present Secretary of 
Agriculture by me, should have a capital M. 

Eucalyptus robusta sometimes has pink buds that are 
profuse and very striking, at other times stalklet, calyx 
and cap will be a cream white with a yellow tinting. 
Through a mistake this interesting tree has two allotments 
of space in the general description. The vigorous growth 
of Eucalyptus botryoides directly on the coast at Santa 
Monica during the period free from the trade wind has not 
enabled the young trees later to stand this wind as well as 
we had expected. 

Prof. Maiden writes me that the reports of extreme 
height in the Eucalyptus are not now deemed reliable. 
He thinks that 350 feet is about the maximum height that 
can be attributed to any of them. 

As information accumulates there is more and more 
indication for two species in the present viminalis. From 
Antelope Valley two trial plantations of this species have 
shown a very divergent power of frost resistance. This may 
turn out on examination to be due to the presence of the 
two forms. Mr. Gill says he also has noted the two forms 



EUCAL YPTUS. 293 

of Eucalyptus viminalis, the more spreading being found in 
the southwestern border of Victoria, while the whiter and 
more erect form is found in the mountain ranges, especially 
in those behind Adelaide. The specimens in the Antelope 
Valley are not yet matured enough for us to tell one from 
the other in our present lack of knowledge. No viminalis 
timber is spoken of as first quality, but it is by some 
called fair and by others worthless. These varying reports- 
may be due to the different forms of viminalis producing 
timber of different values. The characteristic viminalis has 
nearly always three flowers to the umbel, as represented in 
Von Mueller's plate ; but some of the rough barked forms 
here have six or seven flowers to the umbel, generally six. 
These may be mere sports. A careful examination of many 
smooth-barked viminalis now in bloom here shows them to 
have three flowers to the umbel. Further notes on bloom- 
ing seasons of the Eucalyptus show them to be very irreg- 
ular. Some notes on this point are added. 

Calophylla and robusta, December, January and Feb- 
ruary. Calophylla entirely over February 8th. Robusta 
just going out of bloom. Cornuta, diversicolor and botry- 
oides out of bloom, buds look as if they would be in 
about June. Amygdalina just coming in again; also citri- 
odora, polyanthema, globulus and resinifera in full bloom, 
Sideroxylon blooming, viminalis and cornuta in bloom 
May 1st. 

May 7th Sideroxylon, var. pallida, Stuartiana, citriodora r 
obliqua and tereticornis are all in full bloom. Some Calo- 
phyllas are in bloom while others have already the fruits 
hard and nearly mature. 

A report was recently brought to me that the flowers 
of Eucalyptus tereticornis were fatal to bees. It was no 



296 EUCAL YPTUS. 

half way affair like the intoxication of the bee by the 
poppy, but death absolute. I have been observing bees in 
the blooms of Eucalyptus tereticornis since then and have 
failed to note any unpleasant effect on these busy bodies. 
At Dr. Wernigk's, in the Alhambra, ttere are a number 
of swarms of bees adjoining a grove of Eucatyptus. In 
this grove are both tereticornis and rostrata. Eucalyptus 
tereticornis is in full bloom and the bees visit it freely. 
In looking under the trees, on the bee line to the hives 
and at the entrance I found one dead bee. The bees and 
the trees have been at the Doctor's for a long time. 
During this period he has never noticed dead bees about 
his place. Chickens might have eaten the dead bees. The 
report, however, recalls the one from Riverside on Eucalyp- 
tus rostrata, its close ally, as an apicide. My observations 
then fail to confirm those of Dr. Woodbridge and Mr. 
Shorting at South Pasadena. 

Dr. Woodbridge tells me that he saw about a dozen 
bees drop and die in a grove of Eucalyptus tereticornis 
and he presumes it was after visiting the flowers. The 
Doctor is a careful and reliable observer and we must 
therefore look out for both tereticornis and rostrata in bee 
territory. I visited the South Pasadena grove cited and 
observed great numbers of bees working on the profuse and 
beautiful tereticornis flowers. I saw none fall, nor did the 
bees appear to be in any way unusually affected. I found 
on the ground one dead bee. Again, chickens might account 
for this absence of dead bees. Mr. Shorting assures me 
that a large number of dead bees were on the road near 
this grove a few days ago. The largest and oldest groves 
of Eucalyptus tereticornis and of Eucalyptus rostrata in 
this State are at El wood. Hon. El wood Cooper informs 



EUCAL YPTUS. 297 

me that no unfavorable report has come to him on the 
effect of the flowers of these trees on bees. If the nectar 
from these trees is bad for bees it is difficult to believe 
that an observant and public-spirited citizen like Mr. 
Cooper would not have noted it iti all the years he has 
had these trees about his estate. There are both domes- 
ticated and wild bees in plenty about Mr. Cooper's groves. 
No ill effects on these have been noted from the flowers 
of any Eucalyptus. 

To make more sure, I have taken another half day 
under an Eucalyptus tereticornis located in a gorge of the 
Sierra Madre Mountains. Near the tree was a large bank 
of orange-colored mimulus and bushes of the bear berry or 
wild coffee. The mimulus was visited by a large wild bee 
suggesting the bumble-bee. This big bee did not visit 
any of the other neighboring flowers, neither did the 
honey bees visit the mimulus. The honey bees seemed 
especially fond of the small obscure greenish flowers 
of the wild coffee. Numbers of bees visited the freshly 
opened flowers of Eucalyptus tereticornis. No ill effects 
appeared, neither could I find any dead bees under this 
tree. In this case chickens were absolutely excluded 
as scavengers. Ants visited the older flowers and seemed 
to find something interesting at the base of the stamens. 
No ill effects were noticeable in the ants. It would appear 
probable, then, that the dead bees observed near the grove 
of tereticornis at South Pasadena came to their untimely 
end from causes independent of the flowers of Eucalyptus 
tereticornis. 

One tree of Eucalyptus tereticornis at Dr. Wernigk's 
again shows the peculiar trait, frequent in the genus Euca- 
lyptus, of different colored flowers on the same tree and 



2 9 8 EUCAL YPTUS. 

even on the same branch. In this case about half the 
flowers were cream white, the other half were tinted with 
purple. The flower cap, calyx and stalklet of each flower 
was cream white with only a suggestion of purple on- the 
cap of some. 

The seedlings of Eucalyptus calophylla of the claimed 
scarlet flower are now up. These differ from our Calo- 
phylla in having a rounder leaf and of much darker color. 
The young growth, both leaf and stem, in this new form 
is a deep claret red. The stems of the common calophylla 
seedlings are green. These seeds were sent to me through 
the courtesy of T. F. Baumgardt, of Brisbane, Queensland. 
The seeds, however, did not come from that colony. 

The excellent detail work in the botanical illustrations 
I owe to the artistic capacity of Mr. George Steckel of Los 
Angeles. The photographs from which these illustrations 
were made can be had from Mr. Steckel. The carbon 
prints are both beautiful and accurate. 

Mr.. Francis Shorting is the first man of whom I have 
information to polish and prepare for use the seed vessels 
of Eucalyptus calophylla and Eucalyptus ficifolia for pipes. 

Recent reports from Bakersfield and its surrounding 
districts make a striking showing of the disappearance of 
the old malignant malarial fevers since and during the large 
plantings of Eucalyptus. 

There are two cuts of Eucalyptus polyanthema. They 
indicate a tendency to differentiation in this tree or per- 
haps a distinct variety. The round leaf form is the most 
attractive looking but may not grow as fast as the more 
narrow leaved form. 



NDEX. 



Page 

Aboriginal Australian and Vernacular Names of 

Species 272 

Adaptation of Soil, Climate and Other Conditions to 

Species 32, 40 

Advantages of the Different Species, Passim. 

Amygdalina ( Illustrated ) 66 

Five varieties, peppermint odor, handsome, and bears frost, 

Antherel System, Adopted by Author 176 

Anthers Magnified 60 Diameters (Illustrated). 

Bark 124-130 

Bee Feed 121 

Blue Gum, see Globulus. 

Blooming Season 295 

Books and Other Sources of Information 10 

Botanically Treated 176-208 

Botryoides 1 1 r 

Rapid grower. Vigorous. Desirable road tree. 

Buprestium 109 

Will grow on sandy places, but is of uncertain value. 

Callophylla ( Illustrated ) 107 

Slow growth, but valuable for timber. 

Chemistry of the Australian Indigenous Vegetation . 287 

Cineol, same as Eucalyptol 287 

Cornuta 87 

Attractive, graceful tree. 

Corynocalyx, Sugar Gum ( Illustrated ) 49 

Leaves eaten by sheep. Handsome foliage. Resists drought. 

Culture, Seeds, Young Plants 28-30, 167-168 

Dimensions of Trees 9-12, 294 

Division of Subject 3 

Diversicolor ( Karri) 69 

Immense size. Foliage green and attractive. 

Dorotoxylon 89 

Slim, but pretty for ornamental plantings. 

Eucalyptol, (Eucalypt(us)ol(eum) 278 

See Oils. 

Eugenioides 104 

Valued for timber. Dense foliage. 

Experiments by Author at Santa Monica and Kinneloa 

on Growth, Temperature and Other Conditions.. 14, 34 



it INDEX. 

Page 

Ficifolia, (Illustrated) 108 

Ornamental. Flowers brilliant scarlet. 

Flowers 27, 29 

Frost 18, 20, 32, 34 

Foliage of Various Species 26 

Genus, General Points 8 

Globulus (Blue Gum) 35 

Valuable for many purposes, A "jack of all trades " tree. 

Glossary of Terms Used in Describing Plants 209-244 

Gomphocephala 91 

Slow grower, Timber valuable. 

Goniocaly x 113 

Hard, tough wood. Not likely to be largely raised here. 

Gunnii 76 

Resists frosts, but not valuable. 

Haemastoma 94 

Hemifolia 96 

Recommended for dry, sandy soil, 

Height of a Tree, Measured, (With Drawings.) 174 

Historical Notices 10 

Hybridization 23 

Identification of Species Often Difficult 175 

Incrassata 97 

Heavily charged with oil. 

Introduction to Various Countries 11 

Illustrative Specimens, Where Found 42, 46, 48 

Insect Pests 36, 43 

Jarrab, See Marginata 

Kino .' 164 

Kino, Analyzed 165-167 

Iyehmanni 88 

Deucoxylon 80 

Longifolia 78 

Mainly used for fuel. Abounds in bee feed. 

Location of specimens at Santa Monica, Kinneloa 
and elsewhere may be found under the differ- 
ent species. 

Macrorrhyncha (illustrated) 95 

Irregular in growth. 

Maculata var. Citriodora (illustrated) 89 

Manna Gum, see Viminalis. 

Marginata (Jarrah) ; 42 

Megacarpa . , no 



INDEX. Hi 

Page 

Melliodora 98 

Microtheca 83 

Adapted to torrid desert regions. Its roots furnish water. 

Miniata 116 

Crimson flowers. 

Medicinal, being a general statement with extracts 
from the Materia Medica, Medical Journals, Re- 
ports of eminent physicians, and scientific state- 
ments of the properties and uses of Eucalyptus 

in their relation to disease 147-164 

Number of Species 11 

Obcordata 93 

Small with dark red flowers. 

Obliqua 94 

Rapid grower, 

Occidentalis (illustrated) 91 

White flowers. Timber valuable. 

Official incapacity and a public loss 44 

Oils 278 

Differ in color, odor, quantity and quality. Dis- 
tillation of 26 species by Dr. Woodbridge. 

Paper by him on the subject 283-287 

Address on the subject by Prof. Maiden 287-292 

Ornamentation of Roads S ^ 1 

Propagation of Eucalyptus. See Culture. 

Pauiculata 99 

Pauciflora 100 

Valuable for difficult places. 

Pilularis 1 1 1 

IJlegant, but not a fast grower. 

Planchonianna 10 1 

Suited to hot, dry regions. 

Pollyanthema (illustrated) 76 

A favorite species of the Author. Foliage and flowers delicate, 

Punctata 114 

Prefer dry and rocky situation. 

Rapidity of Growth 13, 14, 18 

Reclamation of Waste Dand 24 

Resinifera 59 

Large percentage of Kino. 

Roads, How Made Beautiful 51 

Robusta 47, 58 

Popular as a Road Tree. 



iv INDEX. 

Pag^ 

Rostrata (Red Gum), Illustrated 60 

Best on Wet Lands. 

Rudis 117 

Flowers with pink and cream white. 

Retention of Vitality in Seed 30 

Sanitary 1 3 l 

Conflicting Evidence as to its Protecting from 

Malaria 137 

Effect on Insect and Bacterial Life 139 

Effect on the Roman Campagna 146 

Seeds 28 

Seedlings (with illustration) 167 

Siderophloia 101 

An attractive tree, with economic value. 

Sideroxylon (Illustrated) 80 

Stuartiana (Illustrated) 65 

Tereticornis (Illustrated) 102 

Strong odor and hardy. 

Tetraptera 116 

Dwarf tree. 

Species, Number and Adaptation 11 

Variations 22 

Synonyms and Terms Applied to Varieties 245 

Sugar Gum (see Corynocalyx). 

Timber Passim 249 



U5E8 AND VALUE OP VARIOUS SPECIE6 ALPHABETICALLY 
ARRANGED, 

1 Bee feed 79-120 

2 Fuel, Passim. 

3 Kino 164 

4 Oils 278 

5 Ornamentation 50, 51 

6 Reclamation of Lands 24 

7 Sanitary and Medicinal 131, 147 

8 Timber 249 

9 Wind-breaks 24, 57 

Variations found in same Species 22 

Vernacular Names of Species in Australia 272 

Found in California 277 

Viminalis (Manna GumJ 63 

Two varieties. 



INDEX. 



Woodbridge, Prof., Distillation of 26 species 283 

His article on Oils 283-287 



ALPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT OF 8PECIE6 SPECIFICALLY 
TREATED OP. 

Amygdalina (Illustrated) 66 

Blue Gum (see Globulus). 

Botryoides in 

Buprestium 109 

Calophylla (Illustrated) 107 

Corynocalyx (Illustrated) 49 

Cornuta (Illustrated) 87 

Corymbosa 106 

Diversicolor 69 

Dorotoxylon 89 

Eugenioides 104 

Ficifolia (Illustrated) 108 

Globulus (Illustrated) 35 

Gomphocephala 91 

Goniocalyx 113 

Gunnii 76 

Haemastoma 94 

Hemiphloia 96 

Incrassata 97 

Jarrah, see Marginata. 

Lehmanni 88 

Leucoxylon 80 

Longifolia 78 

Macrorrhyncha (Illustrated) 95 

Maculata, Var. Citriodora ( Illustrated) 89 

Marginata ( Jarrah) 42 

Megacarpa no 

Melliodora 98 

Microtheca 83 

Minniata 116 

Obliqua 94 

Obcordata 93 

Occidentalis ( Illustrated ) 91 

Paniculata 99 

Pauciflora 100 

Pilularis 1 1 1 

Planchonianna 101 



vi IXDEX. 

Page 

Polyanthema (Illustrated) 76 

Punctata 114 

Resinifera 59 

Robusta (Illustrated) 47, 58 

Rostrata (Illustrated) 60 

Rudis 117 

Saligna 115 

Siderophloia 101 

Sideroxylon (Illustrated) 80 

Stuartiana (Illustrated) 65 

Sugar Gum, See Carynocalyx 49 

Tereticornis (Illustrated) 102 

Tetraptera 116 

Viminalis (Illustrated) 63 



TABLES. 

1 Height. Age and Girth of Trees 15, 16, 17 

2 Analysis of Soil 17 

3 Nursery Stock 54 

4 Cortical Classification 130 

5 Timber Experiments 251-270 

6 Oils 281-285 



AUTHORS AND 0THER8 AIDING IN THIS WORK, 



Bayard, Hon. Thomas F. Maiden, Prof. J. H. 

Brown, J. Ednie. Montgomery, Bishop G. 

Carr, Prof, and Mrs. Jennie C. Ramel, M. P. 

Clark, Byron O. Scharf and Shorting. 

Cook, Prof. A. J. Shelton, E. M. 

Cooper, Hon. Elwood. Steckel, George. 

Crudeli, Prof. Tomasi. Stengel, L,. 

Davis, George S. Stratton, General. 

Fernow, Prof. B. E. Von Mueller,Baron Ferdinand. 

Gianotti, Countess Constance. Wade, E. M. 

Gill, Walter. Warren, Col. 

McClatchie, Prof. H.J. Woodbridge, S. M., Ph. D. 



R E X A X T H E R E M P() R A X T II E R E JE 





STROXGYLAXTHERE.E 




3 



ORTHAXTHERE.E 




(> 



a.i m°, Dei. 





Key to Illustration of Anthers Magnified Sixty Diameters. 



I — E. AMVGDALINA. 
2— K. POLYANTHEMA. 



3 — E. DIVERSICOLOR. 
4— E. SIDEROPHLOIA. 



5— E. ROSTRATA. 
6— E. GUNNII. 




E. GLOBULUS, 

With young opposite leaves, and the sirkle shaped alternate leaves taking possession. 




E. GLOBULES— In a Pasadena Garden. 




Avenue of E. GLOBULUS, South of Los Angeues. 

Trees on right pallarded. 




E. STUARTIANA, with Prof. A. J. McCiATCHiE. 




E. AMYGDALINA, Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA— Pasadena. 




E. ROSTRATA— Nevada Ave., Santa Monica. 




E. POLYANTHEMA— Santa Monica. 




E. FICIFOLIA— Santa Monica. 




E. VIMINAIvIS— Pasadena. 




E. POLYANTHEMA. 




K. CORYNOCALVX. 




K. CALIFORNICA. 




E. MACRORRHYNCHA. 




E. AMYGDALINA, Jar. REGNANS. 




E. AMYGDALINA, Jar. ANGUSTIFOLIA. 



V 




E. CALOPHYLLA. 




E CORNUTA. 




E. GLOBULUS 




E. MACULATA, Var. CITRIODORA. 




E. MORTONIANA. 




E. OCCIDENTALS. 




E. POLYANTHEMA 




E. ROSTRATA. 



V 



*§• 



LOS ANGELES. CAL. 
R. BAUMQARDT & CO. 
1896. 



* 



